Table Of ContentPage i
Writing at Work
Page ii
About the Authors
Edward (Ted) L. Smith is a. communication consultant and trainer for government organizations and Fortune 100 companies. A former professor of English, he taught
courses at the University of Michigan and the University of Texas, Austin, in oral and written communication from 1976 to 1985.
Ted's special expertise is the simplifying of technical information intended for nonspecialist audiences. In addition to teaching and publishing in this area, he has served
as an awardwinning consultant to various organizations on producing "userfriendly" documentation. Ted has conducted writing seminars for IBM sites around the
U.S., Canada, and Europe, winning several "Star Quality" teaching awards for his work there. He has also taught courses on technical and business writing for
Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Schlumberger, 3M, the Continuum Company, Liant Software, Seton Medical Center, National Technological University satellite television
programs, and many Texas state agencies—including former Texas Governor Ann Richard's office.
Stephen A. Bernhardt is professor of English at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, where he teaches technical and business communication at both
undergraduate and graduate levels. Widely published in leading journals, he is currently president of the Council for Programs in Technical and Scientific
Communication (CPTSC); chair of the Research Advisory Panel of the Society for Technical Communication; former vice president and secretary of the New Mexico
Coalition for Literacy; editorial board member of the Journal of Computer Documentation; and former director of two National Workplace Literacy Demonstration
Projects, funded by the U. S. Department of Education. He has served the Association of Teachers of Technical Writing for several years, both on its executive
committee and on its editorial advisory board of its journal Technical Communication Quarterly, to which he frequently contributes. He has also consulted and
provided training to employees of IBM, Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, and other organizations. As senior consultant for Scientific Services, Franklin Quest Consulting
Group, he recently spent a year working full time within the pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland, England, and Italy, helping coordinate the production of large
documentation sets using global teams and technologies.
Page iii
Writing at Work
Professional Writing Skills for People on the Job
EDWARD L. SMITH
Edward L. Smith & Associates
STEPHEN A. BERNHARDT
New Mexico State University
NTC Publishing Group
a division of NTC/CONTEMPORARY PUBLISHING GROUP
Lincolnwood, Illinois USA
Page iv
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Smith, Edward L., 1951—
Writing at work : professional writing skills for people on the
job / Edward L. Smith, Stephen A. Bernhardt.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0844259837 (softbound)
1. Business writing. I. Bernhardt, Stephen A. II. Title.
HF5718.3.S654 1996
808'.06665—dc21 9646402
CIP
ISBN: 0844259837
Published by NTC Publishing Group,
a division of NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group, Inc.,
4255 West Touhy Avenue,
Lincolnwood (Chicago), Illinois 606461975 U.S.A.
© 1997 by NTC/Contemporary Publishing Group, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America.
8 9 0 VP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page v
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Unit One 1
"Professional Writing is Appropriate to the Situation."
Chapter 1 4
Writing on the Job
In This Chapter 4
The Place of Writing in Business 4
Individual Writing in Business Settings 5
The Need for Writing Training 5
The Importance of Purpose and Audience 6
Multiple Purposes, Multiple Audiences 7
A Communication Model of Writing 8
Becoming a Good Writer 10
Six Principles of Good Writing 10
Chapter 2 12
A Model of the Writing Process
In This Chapter 12
Planning, Drafting, and Rewriting 12
Page vi
The Planning Stage 13
Creating an Outline 14
The Drafting Stage 14
Suggested Strategies for Producing First Drafts 15
The Rewriting Stage 17
Two Styles of Writing Process 18
PlannerDrafter 19
DrafterRewriter 19
Writing Styles in a Group Situation 20
Chapter 3 21
Real Rules, Nonrules, and House Rules
In This Chapter 21
Preferences versus Rules 22
Real Rules 22
Nonrules 26
House Rules 29
In Summary 30
Putting it All Together 30
Unit Two 39
"Professional Writing is Grammatically Correct."
Chapter 4 41
Parts of Sentences and Parts of Speech
In This Chapter 41
The Building Blocks of Sentences 42
Page vii
Basic Clause Structure 42
Subjects 42
Predicates 43
Modifiers 44
Paris of Sentences versus Paris of Speech 44
Clause Patterns 45
SubjectVerbObject 45
Clauses without Objects 48
LinkingVerb Clauses 48
Clauses and Sentences 50
In Summary 52
Chapter 5 56
Sentence Completeness
In This Chapter 56
Fragments 56
Fixing Fragments 59
RunOn Sentences and Comma Splices 60
Fixing RunOns and Comma Splices 61
In Summary 63
Chapter 6 66
Common Problems with Verbs
In This Chapter 66
Basic Form of the Verb 66
Tensed Forms of the Verb 67
SubjectVerb Agreement 68
Problems with SubjectVerb Agreement 69
Modifiers Separating Subject from Verb 70
Collective Nouns as Subjects 70
Subjects with Correlative Conjunctions 71
Inverted Sentences and "Dummy" Subjects 72
Other Verb Inflections 73
Aspect 74
Mood 75
Page viii
Shifts in Tense, Aspect, and Mood 77
Tense Shifts 77
Aspect Shifts 80
Unmotivated Shifts in Mood 82
In Summary 82
Chapter 7 87
Placing Modifiers Effectively
In This Chapter 87
A Basic Principle for Placing Modifiers Effectively 87
Ambiguous Modifiers 88
How to Resolve Ambiguous Modifiers 90
Dangling Modifiers 92
Modifiers That Separate Subject and Predicate 93
In Summary 95
Chapter 8 98
Pronoun Problems
In This Chapter 98
The Pronoun System 98
Case: Subject or Object? 100
Linking Sentences 102
Common Problems with Personal Pronouns 102
The Special Case of Who and Whom 104
Possession 105
Agreement of Number, Person, and Gender 107
Singular versus Plural Pronouns 108
Gender Distinctions 109
In Summary 113
Putting ii All Together 113
Page ix
Unit Three 119
"Professional Writing Uses Punctuation to Show What is—and What is
Not Important."
Chapter 9 121
Commas
In This Chapter 121
Conventional Commas 122
Commas with Introductory Elements 122
Commas with Compound Clauses 125
Commas with Parenthetical Modifiers 128
Commas with EndofSentence Modification 129
No Commas with Restrictive Modification 130
A Note about Prepositional Phrases 132
Commas with Items in a Series 133
Commas That Help Avoid Confusion 134
In Summary 135
Chapter 10 141
Semicolons and Colons
In This Chapter 141
Semicolons with Balanced Independent Clauses 141
Using Semicolons and Commas to Show Relationships 144
Using Colons in Sentences 145
Colons with Vertical Lists 146
In Summary 149
Chapter 11 151
Hyphens
In This Chapter 151
Using Hyphens with Compound Modifiers 151
Other Hyphenated Forms 154