Worlds together, worlds apart, Beginnings through the 15th century

548 Pages·2015·161.204 MB·English

by  Pollard, Elizabeth, Rosenberg, Clifford D., Tignor, Robert L.

CONCISE EDITION

WORLDS TOGETHER,
WORLDS APART
Volume 1

CONCISE EDITION
WORLDS TOGETHER,
WORLDS APART
Volume 1: Beginnings through the 15th Century
| |
Elizabeth Pollard   Clifford Rosenberg   Robert Tignor
with Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Peter Brown, Benjamin Elman,
Stephen Kotkin, Xinru Liu, Susanne Marchand, Holly Pittman,
Gyan Prakash, Brent Shaw, Michael Tsin
n
W. W. Norton & Company(cid:386)(cid:277)(cid:386)(cid:14)(cid:32)(cid:50)(cid:383)(cid:26)(cid:42)(cid:45)(cid:38)(cid:386)(cid:277)(cid:386)(cid:12)(cid:42)(cid:41)(cid:31)(cid:42)(cid:41)
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The Library of Congress has cataloged the full edition as follows:
Tignor, Robert L.
(cid:3)Worlds together, worlds apart : a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present /
by Robert Tignor, Jeremy Adelman, Stephen Aron, Peter Brown, Benjamin Elman, Stephen Kotkin, Xinru Liu,
Suzanne Marchand, Holly Pittman, Gyan Prakash, Brent Shaw, and Michael Tsin. — Fourth edition.
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3)pages cm
(cid:3)Includes bibliographical references and index.
(cid:3)I SBN 978-0-393-92207-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-393-12376-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. World
history. I. Title.
(cid:3)D21.T53 2013
(cid:3)909—dc23
2013038525
ISBN: 978-0-393-91847-2 (pbk.)
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110
www.wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Contents in Brief
CHAPTER 1 Becoming Human(cid:3)3
CHAPTER 2 Rivers, Cities, and First States, 3500–2000 bce(cid:3)45
CHAPTER 3 Nomads, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000–1200 bce(cid:3)83
CHAPTER 4 First Empires and Common Cultures in Afro-Eurasia, 1250–325 bce(cid:3)121
CHAPTER 5 Worlds Turned Inside Out, 1000–350 bce(cid:3)159
CHAPTER 6 Shrinking the Afro-Eurasian World, 350–100 bce (cid:3)197
CHAPTER 7 Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome, 300 bce–300 ce(cid:3)233
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Universal Religions, 300–600 ce(cid:3)267
CHAPTER 9 New Empires and Common Cultures, 600–1000 ce(cid:3)303
CHAPTER 10 Becoming “The World,” 1000–1300 ce(cid:3)341
CHAPTER 11 Crises and Recovery in Afro-Eurasia, 1300–1500(cid:3)383
(cid:2)(cid:2)v

Contents
Current Trends in World History(cid:12)xix
Analyzing Global Developments(cid:12)xxi
Global Themes and Sources(cid:12)xxii
Maps(cid:12)xxiv
Preface(cid:12)xxvii
Highlights of the Concise Edition(cid:2)xxvii
Our Major Themes(cid:2)xxviii
Overview of Volume One(cid:2)xxviii
Overview of Volume Two(cid:2)xxx
Media Ancillaries(cid:2)xxxii
For Students(cid:2)xxxii
For Instructors(cid:2)xxxii
Acknowledgments(cid:2)xxxiii
About the Authors(cid:12)xxxv
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds(cid:12)xxxviii
Chapter 1
(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:7)(cid:383)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:385)3
Creation Narratives(cid:12)4
Hominids to Modern Humans(cid:12)4
Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods(cid:2)5
Early Hominids, Adaptation, and Climate Change(cid:2)5
Tool-Use by Homo Habilis(cid:2)11
Migrations of Homo Erectus(cid:2)12
Homo Sapiens: The First Modern Humans(cid:2)14
(cid:2)(cid:2)vii
viii(cid:2) Contents
The Life of Early Homo Sapiens(cid:12)19
Language(cid:2)19
Hunting and Gathering(cid:2)20
Paintings, Sculpture, and Music(cid:2)21
Agricultural Revolution: Food Production and Social Change(cid:12)22
The Beginnings of Settled Agriculture and Pastoralism(cid:2)22
Agricultural Innovation: Afro-Eurasia and the Americas(cid:2)27
Borrowing Agricultural Ideas: Europe(cid:2)31
Revolutions in Social Organization(cid:2)33
Conclusion(cid:12)35
Global Themes and Sources(cid:12)38
Competing Perspectives: Creation Narratives (cid:2)38
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Prehistoric Art(cid:2)42
Chapter 2
(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:23)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:383)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:383)(cid:383)

(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)(cid:264)(cid:266)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:298)(cid:263)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:261) BCE(cid:385)45
Settlement and Pastoralism(cid:12)46
Early Cities along River Basins(cid:2)46
Pastoral Nomadic Communities(cid:2)47
Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia(cid:12)50
Tapping the Waters(cid:2)51
Crossroads of Southwest Asia(cid:2)51
The World’s First Cities(cid:2)51
Gods and Temples(cid:2)52
Royal Power, Families, and Social Hierarchy(cid:2)53
First Writing and Early Texts(cid:2)54
Spreading Cities and First Territorial States(cid:2)55
“The Gift of the Nile”: Egypt(cid:12)56
The Nile River and Its Floodwaters(cid:2)56
The Egyptian State and Dynasties(cid:2)58
Contents(cid:2)(cid:2)ix
Pharaohs, Pyramids, and Cosmic Order(cid:2)58
Gods, Priesthood, and Magical Power(cid:2)59
Writing and Scribes(cid:2)61
Prosperity and the Demise of Old Kingdom Egypt(cid:2)63
The Indus River Valley: A Parallel Culture(cid:12)63
Harappan City Life and Writing(cid:2)65
Trade(cid:2)67
The Yellow and Yangzi River Basins: East Asia(cid:12)68
From Yangshao to Longshan Culture(cid:2)68
Life Outside the River Basins(cid:12)71
Aegean Worlds(cid:2)71
Anatolia(cid:2)72
Europe: The Western Frontier(cid:2)72
The Americas(cid:2)74
Sub-Saharan Africa(cid:2)75
Conclusion(cid:12)75
Global Themes and Sources(cid:12)78
Competing Perspectives: Early Writing(cid:2)78
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and Long-Distance Trade(cid:2)81
Chapter 3
(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)(cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:21)(cid:15)(cid:19)(cid:9)(cid:1)(cid:12)(cid:383)(cid:383)
(cid:20)(cid:21)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:5)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:383)(cid:13)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:21)(cid:9)(cid:5)(cid:20)(cid:272)(cid:383)

(cid:263)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:298)(cid:262)(cid:263)(cid:261)(cid:261) BCE(cid:385)83
Nomadic Movement and the Emergence of Territorial States(cid:12)84
The Territorial State in Egypt(cid:12)88
Religion and Trade in Middle Kingdom Egypt (2055–1650 BCE )(cid:2)90
Migrations and Expanding Frontiers in New Kingdom Egypt
(1550–1069 BCE)(cid:2)91