World Crisis and Underdevelopment A Critical Theory of Poverty, Agency, and Coercion

396 Pages·2017·2.11 MB·English

i
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
WorldCrisisandUnderdevelopment
ACriticalTheoryofPoverty,Agency,andCoercion
WorldCrisisandUnderdevelopmentexaminestheimpactofpoverty
andotherglobalcrisesingeneratingformsofstructuralcoercionthat
causeagentialandsocietalunderdevelopment.Itdrawsfromdiscourse
ethicsandrecognitiontheoryincriticizinginjusticesandpathologies
associated with underdevelopment. Its scope is comprehensive,
encompassing discussions about development science, philosophical
anthropology, global migration, global capitalism and economic
markets, human rights, international legal institutions, democratic
politics and legitimation, world religions and secularization, and
moralphilosophyinitsmanyvarieties.
David Ingram is Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University,
Chicago. He received his Ph.D. from the University of California at
San Diego in 1980, where he received his first exposure to critical
theory.Heistheauthorofseveralbooks.HisbookReason,History,
and Politics (1995) was awardedtheAlpha Sigma NuPrizein 1997.
Hislifecanbereadfromthesepagesaswell:hehasorganizedboycotts
onbehalfoftheUnitedFarmWorkersUnion,accompaniedLoyola’s
students on their journey of awakening to Central America and the
Caribbean, worked with Guatemalan refugees and community
organizers in Chicago, and learned about the possibilities and limits
ofdevelopmentwhilevisitingtheslumsofKiberawithaidproviders.
He received Casa Guatemala’s Human Rights Award in 1998 for
sponsoringGuatemalanspeakerstovisitLoyola.
ii
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
iii
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
World Crisis and Underdevelopment
A Critical Theory of Poverty, Agency, and Coercion
DAVID INGRAM
LoyolaUniversity,Chicago
iv
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom
OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA
477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia
314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,
NewDelhi–110025,India
79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108421812
doi:10.1017/9781108377874
©DavidIngram2018
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2018
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabySheridanBooksInc.
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
isbn978-1-108-42181-2Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
v
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
Tomyfamily:past,present,andfuture
vi
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
“It is only for the sake of those without hope that hope is
givenus.”
“Nur um der Hoffnungslosen willen ist uns die Hoffnung
gegeben.”
WalterBenjamin(concludingsentenceofBenjamin’s
essay,Goethe’sElectiveAffinities,trans.HerbertMarcuse)
vii
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
Contents
Preface pagexi
Acknowledgments xix
Introduction 1
1 GlobalPovertyandInequality:HowDeeplyShould
WeBeConcerned? 1
2 UnmetDuties 14
3 HumanRightsandSocialJustice:TwoOverlapping
ApproachestoUnderstandingOurGlobalDuties 16
4 ControversialClaims 25
5 ACriticalTheoryofInjusticeandUnderdevelopment 29
part i agency and development
1 Recognition,RationalAccountability,andAgency 47
1 AutonomyandIdentity-BasedNormativeAgency 48
2 HegelonRecognitionandSelf-Certainty:
FreedomandIdentityasConditionsofAgency 51
3 RationalDiscourseandAutonomyAgency 58
4 PathologiesofAbstractIndividualism 61
5 HonnethonRecognitionasanEthicalCategory 63
6 Honneth’sTheoryofRecognition 65
7 Recognition:AscritptionorPerception? 69
8 Recognition,Redistribution,andParticipatoryParity:
TheHonneth-FraserDebate 74
9 ConflictedAgencyandtheSelf-SubordinationSocial
RecognitionParadox:EmancipatingWomeninDeveloping
CountriesthroughMicro-Finance 78
vii
viii
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
viii Contents
2 AgencyandCoercion:EmpoweringthePoorthroughPoverty
ExpertiseandDevelopmentPolicy 85
1 TheCultureofPoverty:TheAmericanDebate 87
2 TheCultureofPoverty:TheGlobalDebate 90
3 PovertyExpertiseasIdeology:TheAmerican
Experience 93
4 DevelopmentTheoryasIdeology:TheGlobal
Experience 95
5 TheSocialContractarianFoundationsofDevelopment
TheoryandtheLimitsofRationalChoice 101
6 CoerciveEnvironmentsastheHiddenFoundation
ofInjusticeandSocialPathology 106
7 DiscourseEthicsandtheDisclosureofCoercive
Environments:TowardaReformofPovertyExpertise 109
8 ApplyingDiscourseEthicsandRecognition
TheorytoGlobalDevelopmentPolicy 114
9 ConcludingRemarksontheStructuralObstacles
toImplementingDevelopmentPolicy 120
part ii global crisis
3 ForcedMigration:TowardaDiscourseTheoretic
PolicyGoverningPoliticalandEconomicRefugees 125
1 PoliticalRefugees:AHumanitarianCrisis 131
2 TheEvolvingDefinitionofRefugeeStatus
andtheDiscretionaryApplicationofHumanitarian
Law 137
3 Refugees’RightsversusStates’Rights 139
4 CompromisingRefugees’RightsontheAltarof
StateSovereignty:TheEvolvingRoleoftheUNHCR 141
5 EconomicRefugeesReconsidered 144
6 TheAnalogybetweenHostileWorkEnvironments
andPoverty 147
7 TheSpecialDutytoDecriminalizeandProtect
VictimsofHumanTrafficking 148
8 CosmopolitanismandtheCaseforOpenBorders 150
9 CommunitarianismandtheCaseforRestrictive
Borders 154
10 ParentsWhoMigrate:TheHiddenCostofDivided
Agency 156
11 DiscourseEthicsandBorderPolicy 159
12 DiscourseEthicsandImmigrationPolicy 162
13 DiscourseEthicsandImmigrationCourts 167
ix
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
Contents ix
4 ImperialPowerandGlobalPoliticalEconomy:
DemocracyandtheLimitsofCapitalism 171
1 ImperialPowerandInternationalRelations:TheLogicof
UnderdevelopmentandUnsustainableEconomies 173
2 ContractarianDutiesandtheMoralBurdensofEmpire 183
3 FreeversusFairTrade 188
4 MarketsandNegativeExternalities:Dependency,
EnvironmentalDegradation,andGlobalWarming 196
5 TowardanEfficientandJustReductionofNegative
Externalities:MarketStrategiesversusGovernment
Regulation 199
6 TheLimitsofCapitalism 203
7 EconomicDemocracy 212
part iii human rights
5 HumanRightsandGlobalInjustice:Institutionalizing
theMoralClaimsofAgency 221
1 TheAmbiguousStatusofHumanRights 225
2 PoliticalTheoriesofHumanRights:RawlsontheLawof
Peoples 232
3 LegalTheoriesofHumanRights:Habermason
ConstitutionalLaw 238
4 MoralApproachestoHumanRights 243
5 UnderstandingHumanRightsContextually:Pluralism
Reconsidered 250
6 InstitutionalandInteractionalHumanRights:DoGlobal
EconomicStructuresViolateHumanRights? 251
7 LegitimatingHumanRights:DiscourseTheoryand
Democracy 258
6 MakingHumanitarianLawLegitimate:The
ConstitutionalizationofGlobalGovernance 262
1 JustifyingtheInternationalHumanRightsRegime 270
2 ModernInternationalLawandConstitutional
Legitimacy:PreliminaryRemarks 277
3 TheUNandGlobalConstitutionalOrder 282
4 TheUNCharterasConstitutionofaSingleLegal
Order 292
5 TowardaMoreLegitimateandDemocraticInternational
Order 298
6 SubjectingtheUNSCtoJudicialReview:AStepToward
DemocraticConstitutionalization 304
7 DemocratizingGlobalConstitutionalReviewina
FragmentedLegalUniverse 306
x
C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/11804162/WORKINGFOLDER/INGRA/9781108421812PRE.3D [1–20]9.11.201711:34AM
x Contents
7 Nationalism,Religion,andDeliberativeDemocracy:
NetworkingCosmopolitanSolidarity 313
1 Solidarity:APreliminaryAnalysis 316
2 MechanicalandOrganicSolidarity 318
3 CivicSolidarity 320
4 CivicSolidarity:AnIncoherentConcept? 322
5 ReligionandCivicSolidarity 329
6 FromReligiontoCosmopolitanSolidarity 339
7 BuildingCosmopolitanSolidarityOutofSolidarity
Networks 341
Bibliography 344
Index 361