Working Postures and Movements: Tools for Evaluation and Engineering

505 Pages·2004·8.27 MB·English

by  Nico J. Delleman

Working Postures
and Movements
Tools for Evaluation and Engineering
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Working Postures
and Movements
Tools for Evaluation and Engineering
Edited by
Nico J. Delleman
Christine M. Haslegrave
Don B. Chaffin
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Working postures and movements : tools for evaluation and engineering
/ edited by Nico J. Delleman, Christine M. Haslegrave, and Don B.
Chaffin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-415-27908-9 (alk. paper)
1. Human engineering. 2. Posture. 3. Human locomotion. I.
Delleman, N. J. II. Haslegrave, C. M. III. Chaffin, Don B. IV. Title.
TA166.W625 2004
620.8¢2—dc22 2004049380
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
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International Standard Book Number 0-415-27908-9
Library of Congress Card Number 2004049380
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
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Foreword
The problem of the growing prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries is of
worldwide concern, with an increasing amount of attention from researchers
and practitioners alike. The introduction of another book dealing with the
subject is not surprising, since the science and the practice of prevention are
both developing rapidly.
This book is authored and edited by three leading specialists in the field
and has chapters by international experts in their subjects. It gives the reader
up-to-date information on recent developments together with practical infor-
mation on how the knowledge of the nature and causes of musculoskeletal
damage may be applied for its prevention. In particular, the last decade has
seen a more holistic approach to musculoskeletal problems and this is
reflected in the text. Although the physical and physiological behaviour of
the body at work is as important as ever, the consequences of the work
environment and work organisation are recognised as major influences in
injury causation. People move, sit, look, or reach for the purposes of their
work, and work is done in a context that imposes its own pressures. Thus,
this context must be recognised and taken into account when seeking the
causes and consequences of working postures.
While teachers and students will find the book a valuable and well-struc-
tured source of knowledge, a major aim is to provide a sourcebook for those
who are faced with identifying and improving jobs in those many industries
where such workplace injuries arise. All the authors have had experience in
dealing with industrial problems, and their wish to see the book in use as a
practical manual is influenced by their working knowledge and their desire
to reduce the vast scale of human damage and suffering that musculoskeletal
injuries cause.
E.N. Corlett
Institute for Occupational Ergonomics
University of Nottingham
Nottingham, U.K.
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The Editors
Nico J. Delleman, Ph.D., is a Senior Researcher at TNO Human Factors in
Soesterberg, the Netherlands, and Professor of Simulation-Based Design
Ergonomics at the Laboratory of Applied Anthropology, René Descartes
University, in Paris, France. Dr. Delleman was a key member of the Interna-
tional Ergonomics Association Technical Committee that published the first
international consensus document on exposure assessment of upper limb
repetitive movements and is currently in charge of international standardi-
zation of evaluation of working postures and movements. He has a broad
research experience in the field of physical ergonomics, e.g., studies on office
work, various industrial operations, maintenance, building and construction,
cars, aircraft, ships, personal protective equipment, ticket vending machines,
and supermarket checkouts.
Christine M. Haslegrave, Ph.D., is a Senior Lecturer at the Institute for
Occupational Ergonomics at the University of Nottingham, U.K., and an
Editor of the journal Ergonomics. Her research has included investigation of
the biomechanical demands of manual materials handling tasks, musculo-
skeletal injury risk assessment, work (re)design in relation to health and
safety problems in industry, and vehicle ergonomics in design and manu-
facture. Dr. Haslegrave was Head of the Ergonomics Section at the Motor
Industry Research Association, Nuneaton, for several years, where she was
involved in vehicle safety and ergonomics legislative testing. In 1995, she
received the Otto Edholm Award of the Ergonomics Society for significant
contributions to applied research in ergonomics.
Don B. Chaffin, Ph.D., is the R.G. Snyder Distinguished University Professor
and the G. Lawton and Louise G. Johnson Professor of Industrial and Oper-
ations Engineering and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Michi-
gan, Ann Arbor. He is past Director of the Center for Ergonomics and past
Chair of the Department of Industrial and Operations Engineering. His
research has resulted in five books, more than 200 papers, and a set of widely
used software to assist engineers involved in designing workplaces and
vehicles to accommodate various groups of people, and to ensure that people
do not suffer overexertion injuries during the performance of manual tasks
of all kinds. Dr. Chaffin’s work has resulted in his election to Fellow status
in five different international professional and scientific organizations,
including the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1994
he was elected to membership in the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
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Contributors
Arne Aarås, M.D., Ph.D., F.Erg.S. Professor of Occupational Medicine and
Optometry, Department of Optometry and Visual Science, Buskerud Uni-
versity College, Kongsberg, Norway
Tom Bendix, M.D., Dr. Med. Sci. Professor of Clinical Biomechanics, Back
Research Center, Funen Hospital/University of Southern Denmark,
Ringe, Denmark
Bruce Bradtmiller, Ph.D. President, Anthrotech, Inc., Yellow Springs,
Ohio, U.S.A.
Bob (R.S.) Bridger, Ph.D. Head, Human Factors, Institute of Naval Medicine,
Alverstoke, United Kingdom and External Examiner of U.K. Health and
Safety Inspectors’ Course, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K.
Margaret I. Bullock, AM, Ph.D., FTSE, FIEA, FESA Professor, School of
Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland,
Queensland, Australia
Keith Case, Ph.D., FBCS, F.Erg.S., C.Eng. Professor of Computer Aided
Engineering, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough
University, Loughborough, U.K.
Don B. Chaffin, Ph.D. G. Lawton and Louise G. Johnson Professor, Center
for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
Rakié Cham, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Bioengineering,
School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
U.S.A.
Marita Christmansson, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Product
and Production Development, National Institute of Working Life West,
Industry and Human Resources, Chalmers University of Technology,
Gothenborg, Sweden
Daniela Colombini, Ph.D., Eur. Erg. Professor of Occupational Medicine,
Coordinator, Ergonomics Section, Center for Occupational Medicine
(CEMOC), Milan, Italy