Table Of ContentSPRINGER BRIEFS IN GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING
Jennifer Robinson
Allen J. Scott
Peter J. Taylor
Working, Housing:
Urbanizing
The International
Year of Global
Understanding - IYGU
SpringerBriefs in Global Understanding
Series editor
Benno Werlen, Department of Geography, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
The Global Understanding Book Series is published in the context of the 2016
International Year of Global Understanding. The books in the series seek to
stimulate thinking about social, environmental, and political issues in global
perspective. Each of them provides general information and ideas for the purposes
of teaching, and scientific research as well as for raising public awareness. In
particular, the books focus on the intersection of these issues with questions about
everydaylifeandsustainabilityinthelightofthepost-2015DevelopmentAgenda.
Special attention is given to the inter-connections between local outcomes in the
context of global pressures and constraints. Each volume provides up-to-date
summariesofrelevantbodiesofknowledgeandiswrittenbyscholarsofthehighest
international reputation.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15387
Jennifer Robinson Allen J. Scott
(cid:129)
Peter J. Taylor
Working, Housing:
Urbanizing
The International Year of Global
Understanding - IYGU
123
Jennifer Robinson PeterJ.Taylor
Department ofHuman Geography Northumbria University
University CollegeLondon Newcastle uponTyne
London UK
UK
and
AllenJ.Scott
Department ofGeography andDepartment LoughboroughUniversity
ofPublic Policy Loughborough
University of California UK
LosAngeles
USA
ISSN 2509-7784 ISSN 2509-7792 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inGlobal Understanding
ISBN978-3-319-45179-4 ISBN978-3-319-45180-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45180-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016949107
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Series Preface
We are all experiencing every day that globalization has brought and is bringing
far-flung places and people into ever-closer contact. New kinds of supranational
communitiesareemergingatanacceleratingpace.Atthesametime,thesetrendsdo
noteffacethelocal.Globalizationisalsoassociatedwithamarkedreaffirmationof
citiesandregionsasdistinctiveforumsofhumanaction.Allhumanactionsremain
in one way or the other regionally and locally contextualized.
Global environmental change research has produced unambiguous scientific
insightsintoearthsystemprocesses,yettheseareonlyinsufficientlytranslatedinto
effective policies. In order to improve the science-policy cooperation, we need to
deepen our knowledge of sociocultural contexts, to improve social and cultural
acceptance of scientific knowledge, and to reach culturally differentiated paths to
global sustainability on the basis of encompassing bottom-up action.
The acceleration of globalization is bringing about a new world order. This
involvesboththeintegrationofnatural-humanecosystemsandtheemergenceofan
integratedglobalsocioeconomicreality.TheIYGUacknowledgesthatsocietiesand
cultures determine the ways we live with and shape our natural environment. The
International Year of Global Understanding addresses the ways we live in an
increasinglyglobalizedworldandthetransformationofnaturefromtheperspective
of global sustainability-the objective the IYGU wishes to achieve for the sake of
future generations.
Initiated by the International Geographical Union (IGU), the 2016 IYGU was
jointlyproclaimedbythethreeglobalumbrellaorganizationsofthenaturalsciences
(ICSU), social sciences (ISSC), and the humanities (CIPSH).
The IYGU is an outreach project with an educational and science orientation
whosebottom-uplogiccomplementsthatofexistingUNprograms(particularlythe
UN's Post-2015 Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals) and
internationalresearchprograms.Itaimstostrengthentransdisciplinarityacrossthe
whole field of scientific, political, and everyday activities.
v
vi SeriesPreface
The IYGU focuses on three interfaces seeking to build bridges between the
local and the global, the social and the natural, and the everyday and scientific
dimensionsofthetwenty-firstcenturychallenges.TheIYGUinitiativeaimstoraise
awareness of the global embeddedness of everyday life; that is, awareness of the
inextricablelinksbetweenlocalactionandglobalphenomena.TheIYGUhopesto
stimulate people to take responsibility for their actions when they consider the
challenges of global social and climate changes by taking sustainability into
account when making decisions.
This Global Understanding Book Series is one of the many ways in which the
IYGU seeks to contribute to tackling these twenty-first century challenges. In line
with its three core elements of research, education, and information, the IYGU
aims to overcome the established divide between the natural, social, and human
sciences. Natural and social scientific knowledge have to be integrated with
non-scientific and non-Western forms of knowledge to develop a global compe-
tence framework. In this context, effective solutions based on bottom-up decisions
and actions need to complement the existing top-down measures.
Thepublicationsinthisseriesembodythosegoalsbycrossingtraditionaldivides
betweendifferentacademicdisciplines,theacademicandnon-academicworld,and
between local practices and global effects.
Eachpublicationisstructuredaroundasetofkeyeverydayactivities.Thisbrief
considers issues around the essential activities of eating and drinking as funda-
mental for survival and will complement the other publications in this series.
Jena, Germany Benno Werlen
May 2016
Contents
1 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 1
2 Cities in Time and Space . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 5
2.1 The Uniqueness of Cities... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 5
2.2 When Did Cities Begin?.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 5
2.3 The Emergence of Large Cities .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 8
2.4 Urban Take off: Modern Cities in Globalizations. .... ..... .... . 13
2.4.1 Imperial Globalization.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 14
2.4.2 American Globalization... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 15
2.4.3 Corporate Globalization .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 16
2.5 Global Urbanization Inside Out .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 16
Further Reading . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 20
3 Working... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 21
3.1 Working and Living in the Urban Milieu... .... .... ..... .... . 21
3.2 From Craft Production to Capitalist Industrialization .. ..... .... . 22
3.3 The Mass-Production Metropolis and Beyond ... .... ..... .... . 24
3.4 Crisis and Renewal... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 26
3.4.1 Industrial-Urban Restructuring . .... .... .... ..... .... . 26
3.4.2 The New Capitalism and Urban Occupational Change .... . 28
3.5 Urbanization and Work in the 21st Century. .... .... ..... .... . 31
3.6 A Variegated and Uneven Mosaic .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 35
Further Reading . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 36
4 Housing ... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 39
4.1 The Challenge of Shelter ... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 39
4.2 Providing Housing Through States and Markets.. .... ..... .... . 42
4.2.1 Housing Needs and Housing as a Commodity . ..... .... . 42
4.2.2 State Interventions... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 43
4.2.3 Private Finance..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 45
vii
viii Contents
4.3 Housing Solutions for the Future City . .... .... .... ..... .... . 46
4.4 The Future Politics of Shelter.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 51
Further Reading . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 53
5 Urbanizing: The Future .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 55
Further Reading . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... . 60
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Cities with populations estimated over 150,000 before 1800 ... 12
Figure 3.1 American Manufacturing Belt ... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 24
Figure 3.2 Empty Packard plant and surrounding derelict land,
Detroit, 2010... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 27
Figure 3.3 Locations of motion-picture production companies
in Los Angeles . .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 29
Figure 3.4 Geographic distribution of shoe manufacturers
in Marikina City, Philippines.... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 33
Figure 3.5 Repair and recycling of old cooking oil cans, Mumbai, India... 35
Figure 4.1 Garden City—White City Tel Aviv... .... .... .... ..... ... 44
Figure 4.2 Housing development board properties in Singapore.. ..... ... 47
Figure 4.3 Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in Mexico City.... .... .... ..... ... 48
Figure 4.4 Medellin cable cars .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ... 49
Figure 5.1 Bodys Isek Kingelez: “Project for Kinshasa
for the Third Millenium, 1997”.. .... .... .... .... ..... ... 58
ix
