Women's Participation in Angola's Reconstruction and in Its Political Institutions and Processes

133 Pages·1999·0.35 MB·English

Women’Psa rticipation
s’alognA ni
Reconstructiona ndi n
ItPso liticaIln stitutions
sessecorP dna
Volume I
A project funded by the Office of Women in Development, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and
Research, U.S. Agency for International Development under contract number FAO-0100-C-00-6005-00 with
Development Alternatives, Inc.
July 1997
TECH 1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite 550, Washington, D.C. 20036 USA
Tel.: [phone] Fax: [phone] Internet: [email protected]
A Women in Development Technical Assistance Project
Development Alternatives, Inc. (cid:142) International Center for Research on Women (cid:142) Women, Law and Development International
Academy for Educational Development (cid:142) Development Associates, Inc.
Thpiusb licatiwmoaapnsdo es sibtlher ousguhp poprrto vitOdbhfeyefWd iooD cfmiee env n e lopmenBtu,r efGaoluro bal
ProgrFSRaiuemepasIslpneAn,dodaUgft r r.eoetcSnrr h.c n, ya tiDoenvCaeolln ototNpefromutr a.enhmcndestte ,r
FAO-0100-nCe-onc0paoe0Tiuts-hnettd s6eixhhoar0 opeoa re0nrto rnift5 sehhf(dllh- seao s yee0srrs) c0eeee t.di n
.tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI rof ycnegA .S.U eht fo sweiv
Women’s Participation in Angola’s Reconstruction
and in Its Political Institutions and Processes
by
Marcia E. Greenberg
Della McMillan
Branca Neto do Espirito Santo
Julia Ornelas
Development Alternatives, Inc.
July 1997
TECH
A project funded by the Office of Women in Development, Bureau for Global Programs, Field Support and
Research, U.S. Agency for International Development under contract number FAO-0100-C-00-6005-00
A Women in Development
Technical Assistance Project
i
PREFACE
ehT HCETDIW maet si desaelp ot troper ,taht sa s adwezisehtopy hyb s’DIAS UnoissiMni
tropp u osytticap aec hetv aoh hnwoitalup oepvit cda ndaenimret eead raalog n fAnoem oew h,talognA
eht .S.UtnemnrevoG = s latnemadnuf laog ni ,alognA yleman ot nehtgnerts ecaep dna .ytilibats
DIASU = s yroeht stser no ruof l a:ssunaocitcenn o)c1( taht ecaep dna ytilibats ni alognA dnepedno
evitceffe citarcomed ;sessecorp )2( taht DIASU = s gnimmargorp nac dna dluohs troppus hcus
;sessecorp )3( taht eht sseccus fo DIASU smargorp sdneped no dengised-llew dnadetnemelpmi
;gnimmargorp dna )4( taht detroppus-. Ss.mUargorp dluow eb retteb dengised dna detnemelpmi fi
.noitatnemelpm idn atnemssess asdee nn idetapicitra pnemo wnalognA
e hHTCET D mIdaWeevteDiIlAeSbU = s.yroeht teY e wd ellelee fpomto ceto ntaht ewevah
dnuof neve eromnemow = s ,htgnerts ,tseretni dna yticapac naht ew dah .detapicitna ruOhcraeser
DI AsSmUrifnoc y anle pmt oagwhntir u asylnb oe ggnnni=iAmmarg osnrtepihtgn e tr tatlihsatsop osrp
.yllarene gyteico slivi cnalogn Adn agnimmargor p.S. Uhto bn ielo rlacitir ca
n enmaol wot grsno eApoipttuisnutr ospupo or e eer,mreruahentvoeroM = h ssitl arbsooatftfsee
lufec adenpa n.eyptoeicos t u, or ahanlglIouu gocenrirAhtetrhatp si a hcir dn ayetviintucmamfooc
lacol snoitazinag rdoezinagro yb dna rof nemow tpecxe( eht yhtroweton kcal fo snoitazinagroni
, e syvtde n diulvo oeatbu i c a.irecoe tfidz)taracbeciyxnnlalreeoaauzaofhMwS imftKenesaeghrTo
.smargor pDIAS Uro fsrentra pgnort se bosl adluo wyeh T.ecnatsiss aemo sdah
teY ereht era stniartsnoc otnemow = s ,noitapicitra pfo hcihw eerht era :lacitirc )1(nalognA
sderndaeuwmtooitwtta = n s osws io se,t l,tlyaoe fnrotmt tn)eorerdai2mfionu(o fcfaqw)eone3sid(ani
.gnimmargor pecnatsiss alacinhce tf onoitatnemelpm idn angise deh tn inemo wevlovn iot
erehT era owt syaw rof DIASU ot esaercn ieht elor fo nalog nnAemow ni: gsntiimmargorp
e rfrao ihgesnhit tnet er etmaega orhgw utnositnmemar ggonript s oiytx ln eel imrueeofthmatroprocni
, e s .cse e rneid ctaavtndneltii a n agustn enastrciautm i’saisitaonittstrsesraiomsanpoa pipwtoI sieurt
taht emos ni eht ngierof ecnatsi s,syatinum myolclaicepse eht sedewS dna ,snaigewroN evahneeb
krr iodewehtt rsaet ds teeeah wcht.Sntse r dla iaet cryIs n eioairv nlooen ocfs enggminnoAiwtroppus
owt sraey oga —gn itdruolpcpnui srof t aeihrtat errocfeS enhotitomo rfPo nemoW dn agnidnufrof
Atooferab @ srosiv dra odfere tnteambow — dna taht a rebmun fo eht wennemow = ssnoitaicoesrseaw
dednuof ni .5991 teY ereht era spag dna sdeen taht evah tey ot e.bdesserdda tA s i,hetrutcnu jtisi
yrev tnatropmi taht DIASU hsilbatse gnorts gnikrow snoitaler htiw eht yrtsiniM rof .nemoW
ngsone ii vdthrlnnt eoo eervvygvmeenenrodnibiesnentehingWai rrto sgenciirtich afrop .Se.tUavirp
yratnu lsonvoitazinagro dna latne m,nsrneoviotganzoinnagro eht yrtsiniM dluohs eb a yekrentrap
.)smargor ps’yrtsini Meh ttuob anoitamrofn isedivor p01xennA(
eW evah nettirw siht troper ot ed idvnouroprgkca bdna ecnadiug rof a yteirav fo sredaer—
gnidulcni DIASU ni ,notgnihsaW eht DIASU noissiM ni ,adnauL dna srehto ni alognA ohwera
denr et cugnonobicarunsenmeow = noita p sn.iniycatiletoirgcanopA s suhT ew edveathfar canoitces
no yrotsih d ncaimon oscneo-iotiicdonsoc ot tseggus eht gniylrednu sesab rof s’nemow noitisopni
nalognA .yteicos ecniS eht s’maet krow saw dedivid otni owt strap — sisylana fo ehts’noissiM
cigetartS evitcejbO 1# no ,tnemeltteseR noitatilibaheR dna dooF ,ecnaileR-fleS dnacigetartS
evitcejbO 2# no liviC yteicoS dna laci tsinlooiPtutitsnI — ew sserdda eseht sevitcejbo nietarapes
ii
.sre t epheca ccnh sun i cfamarS ,ohtey ed str1e hrakndipo#hlto1consatOtac#aashsSeeOracirrSth
srnoofitadnemm o hcstetirc wes jnfoooriptavr ess k bnn.ooiyil t t hi dc cveee yaipzsfbEtyioctn aasgiro
.tnemevorpmi nI ,tsartnoc eht 2#OS noitces sesserdda a dnarb wen aera fo DIASU .ecnatsissa
,yltneuqesnoC eht snoitavresbo era erom lateicos naht ,citammargorp dna ehtsnoitadnemmocer
.ecnatsiss aecnanrevo Gdn aycarcome Dro ferutcurt sdn anal plarene g atseggus
ehT xe nnnoAitces fo eht tro psenrige bhtiw a ypoc fo eht noitc Apet Strope Rtaht ehtmaet
detneserp sa sno ittfaadrnde momtocer DIASU ni adnauL no lirpA ,92 sa eht naci rsermeAbmemfo
eht maet ere wgni v.aaellognA tA e hst’ n,otissesuiqMer edweziram meuhst spets h tniowitnettaot
.noitatnemelpm iyad-ot-ya df oscificep seh to tdn aytiroir prieht
re denh iTfaome rsel haxtie rn oensdgtannaoomi yts eeoaishbtds’tn ymedlamnaemantoacer
ediv olrapnoi teicdnde ar.esfleariretam ,tsriF ew edivorp a tsil fo secnerefer taht erew detlusnocni
noitaraperp fo eht troper xennA( .)2 gniwolloF taht era sexenna taht edulcni a tsil fo elpoepdna
sd nxyn etoerotduin aiaiptn,tthvn aA)natoiog(6 ezrt id mip HtnreneCsaelahEehpgtTvtprDnouoIisW
.noitamrofni ehT tsal eerht sexenna etaler ot s’nemow ,snoitazinagro s’nemow stcejorp dnaeht
.nemo Wro fyrtsiniM
.noitaroballo cdn atupn if olae dtaer gaf otluse reh ter atrope rsih tn isaed ieh tdn ahcraese rehT
e W eton taht eht ffats dna tnemeganam fo eht .S.U rentrap snoitazinagro taht eragnitnemelpmi
s’DIASU seigetarts erew nepo dna evisnopser ot seiriuqni dna snoitseggus tuoba .redneg eWosla
s nd soenmttit aountasl rpeuiro dfnibcegdnilie nnna crr,tAaftpsr onpmaD oaapIdcrAngSaomUroprf
.s ngtonniiettmuantrrioet bvsaonlgiloc eW dluow ekil eogtdelw otnakhcta ruo yaw sa wderaperpni
trap yb eht s ’nnoeimsosWimm orCof eegufe RnemoW dna nerdlihC — htob hguorh triehtnoissiM
.gnifeir bdezilanosre p amor fdn atroper
eW dluow ekil ot knaht lla esoht ta eht .S.U yssabmE dna ta DIASU ni alognA rofrieht
ecna lsi’ggirveb n ri. oe ted t rucadSdipns nee nesa s hry iia,setibmtb teheaamsrrThepAaopttwpmpius
noi tdannai mo srtynefotii ettednar euesdth’iiwnse mtouwpni sah ne egbnikca ldna o tetacorvideaht
.noitargetni nI ,noitidda enon fo eht snoitaraperp dluow evah neeb elbissop tuohtiw eht plehfo
.notgnihsa Wn ireka Blru Mdn akcodruM-mela SareenuM
,yllaniF dna ,tyslotmnatro pemwi tnaw ot kna hstaloh c.isNkneJ toN ylno did eh evaheht
thgiserof ot ezingocer eht ecnatropmi fo gnitargetni nemow erom ylluf ni s’DIASU smargorpni
,alognA dna ot ekat egatnavda fo s’DIW/G yticapac ot pleh mih yfitnedi eht stniartsnoc otdna
seitinutroppo rof s’nemow ,noitapicitrap tub eh osla koot sniap ot erusne taht eh tog sa hcumsa
.mae tHCETDI Weh tmor felbissop
iii
ELBAT FOSTNETNOC
EGAP
VOLUME I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iiv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION: WIDTECH'S APPROACH IN ANGOLA 1
MAE THCETDI WDIW/ GEHT 1
)1#OS (ECNAILER-FLE SDOO FDN ANOITATILIBAHE R,TNEMELTTESE RGNIDRAGER 2
REGARDING DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE PROGRAMMING (SO#2) 6
NOISSI MEH THTI WGNIKROW 6
GNIFEIRBE DDN AGNITROPER 7
CHAPTER 2
HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTEXT REGARDING ANGOLAN
NEMO W 9
NOITCUDORTNI 9
YTEICO SNALOGN AN INEMO WF OELO REH TN OSECNEULFN ICIROTSIH 10
F OSEPY TEVITARTSULL IENI N:SEVITCEPSRE PDN ASDEE NN ISNOITAIRAV
ANGOLAN WOMEN 16
NEMO WNALOGN ATUOB ASEIDUT SDN AATAD 22
CHAPTER 3
WOMEN IN RESETTLEMENT, REHABILITATION, AND AGRICULTURE
PROGRAMS 25
EMERGENCY FOOD ASSISTANCE 25
SSENERAW AENIM-DNA LGNITOMORP 26
NOISNETX EDN AHCRAESE RLARUTLUCIRGA 28
ERUTCURTSARFN ILANOITACUD EDN A,HTLAE H,RETA WF ONOITATILIBAHER
(THROUGH FOOD FOR WORK AND OTHER PROGRAMS) 32
EGAREDN UDN ASREIDLO SDEZILIBOME DF OSEVITALE RELAME FDN ASEVIW
SREIDLO S 33
NEMO WDELBASID 35
WOMEN AFFECTED BY OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS (MOTHERS
)GNICAR TYLIMA FDN ANERDLIH CDEZITAMUAR TF O 36
vi
CHAPTER 4
WOMEN IN DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE, AND CIVIL SOCIETY 39
YCARCOME DF OSTIFENE BEH TGNIVIECE RNEMO WO TSREIRRAB 40
YCARCOME DNALOGN AN INEMO WRO FSEITINUTROPPO 46
RECOMMENDATIONS 52
REFERENCES 59
ENDNOTES 65
CONTRIBUTORS 71
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
1xennA 799 1,9 2lirp An oalognA/DIAS Uo tdettimbu Strope RyranimilerP
2xennA rammuS alogn An inemo Wo tgnitale Rseidut Sf oweive Ry
3xennA secitcar Pgniri Hf onoitaulavE-fle SOV Pro felba TelpmaS
4xennA s’nemo Wesaercn Io tpohskro WyaD-evi Fro fadneg Adn anal PtfarD
alogn An ismargor PDIAS Un inoitapicitraP
5xennA ro fyevru SelpmaS tcejor PDIAS Umrofn Io tata Dredne Gcisa Bgnitcello C
gninnalP
6xennA dn a,snoitazinagr Olanoitanretn I,snoitutitsn Itnemnrevo G,slaudividn If otsiL
mae THCETDI Wy bdetcatno CsOG NnalognA
7xennA repapsw edN naalog n nAdietubirts irDett elLanoitamrofnI elcitrA
8xennA snoitazinagr Os’nemo Wgnidrage RnoitamrofnI
9xennA stcejo rdPesopo r rPgonitsi x’Esnoitazinag rsO’nem otWuo bnaoitamrofnI
0 1xennA d nnaoitomo reP hrt oyfraterc eeS h ftsomargo r7P9 9e1 httuo bnaoitamrofnI
)nemo Wro fyrtsini Meh twon (nemo Wf otnempoleveD
v
TSIL FOSELBAT
elbaT egaP
1 sevitcejb Ocigetart Ss’DIASU 799 1,alogn Ani 1
2 eh ttah t1#O So tgnitale Rseitivitc ADIAS UehT
devresb Omae THCETDIW 3
3 epy Ty bsweivretn Idetaler-1#O Sf orebmuN
seeweivretn Ifo 5
iv
YRASSO LFGSOMYNORCA
DAA tnempoleve Dro fnoitc AnalognA
JMAA sreywa Lnemo Wnalogn Af onoitaicossA
CCF dnu Fs’nerdlih CnaitsirhC
AERC lanoitanretn Isetaicoss AevitaerC
CRS secivre Sfeile RcilohtaC
ERSP aico Sycnegrem Es’kna BdlroW margor Pyrevoce Rl
AAF alogn Af osecro FdemrA
FAO noitazinagr Oerutlucirg Adn adooF
SAF )laico Soiop Ae dodnuF (troppu Slaico Sro fdnuF
ALNF alogn Af onoitarebi Leh tro ftnor FlanoitaN
FONGA sOG Nnalogn Af omuroF
GURN lanoita Ndn aytin Uf otnemnrevoG )799 1,lirp An idetaes (noitailicnoceR
CRCI ssor Cde Reh tf oeettimmo ClanoitanretnI
PDI nosre Pdecalpsi DyllanretnI
CMI spro Clacide MlanoitanretnI
ENI scitsitat Slanoita Nro fetutitsn InalognA
MOI noitazinagr Onoitargi MlanoitanretnI
IRI oitanretnI etutitsn Inacilbupe Rlan
MESRI yratiliM-x Ef onoitargetnie RlanoisseforP-oico Sro fetutitsnI
AMIL ATINU/nemo Wnalogn Af oeugaeL
FWL noitarede Fdlro WnarehtuL
SRANIM noitatilibahe Rlaico Sdn aecnatsiss Af oyrtsiniM
ALPM itarebi Leh tro ftnemevo MralupoP alogn Af ono
IDN etutitsn Icitarcome DlanoitaN
NGO snoitazinagr o.S. Ueh to tdrage rhti wyliramir pdesu (noitazinagr OlatnemnrevognoN
nalogn Ao tdn a,margor pecnanrevo Gdn aycarcome Ds’DIAS Ugnitnemelpmi
.)erutcurt slanoitutitsn icisa bdn asutat slage l adeveihc aeva htah tsnoitazinagro
OMA ALPM/nemo Wnalogn Af onoitazinagrO
ITO DIASU/sevitaitin Inoitisnar Tf oeciffO
MAP )elaidno Meriatnemil AemmargorP (emmargor Pdoo FdlroW
PVO oitazinagr oeh to trefe ro tyliramir pdesu (noitazinagr Oyratnulo VetavirP er atah tsn
)seitivitc a1#O Sro fsrentra pDIASU
AQ aer AgniretrauQ
SeCOR noitargetnie Rro fetutitsn IlanoitaN
SO )DIAS Urof (evitcejb OcigetartS
UCAH tin Unoitanidroo Cecnatsiss Anairatinamu H.N.U
DIASU tnempoleve Dlanoitanretn Iro fycneg A.S.U
UNAVEM noissi Mnoitacifire Valogn A.N.U
UNHCR seegufe Rro frenoissimmo Chgi H.N.U
FECINU dnu Fs’nerdlih C.N.U
ATINU alogn Af oecnednepedn Ilato Teh tro fnoin UlanoitaN
VVAF noitadnuo Facirem Af osnarete VmanteiV
CW ih Cdn anemo Weegufe Rro fnoissimmo Cs’nemoW nerdl
WFP emmargor Pdoo FdlroW
iiv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
fI snalognA era reve ot tup raw dniheb ,meht yeht tsum ezilaer taht s’alognA nemow eraa
lacitirc tessa rof gnidliub dna gniniatniam a gnitsal .ecaep nI ylrae ,7991 eht .S.U ycnegArof
lanoitanretnI tnempoleveD )DIASU( noissiM ni alognA dezisehtopyh taht retaerg s’nemow
noit a sp,aidwceidt erdeann pa dse’k DsnIaeA mSto Un Wee )cmnDipiIfoWfll /OaerGcvo(iefnDhcet
ecnatsissa hguorht eht HCETDIW .tcejorp HCETDIW delbmessa a maet fo ruof :strepxe
s’HCETDIW ycarcomed dna ecnanrevog ,tsilaiceps aicraM ;grebneerG na tsigoloporhtnahtiw
esitrepxe ni ,acir feArutlucirga dna ,tnemelttes earlleD ;nalliMcM na nalognA reywal ohw si-eciv
t n;n eso , d aias f ind ltirtonsanfeal eseelaoniu eyim rorcJohwmonpgOsohtaoWandswLnAasoeAcle
eno fo sno i)letsahaOttzGniNe n ( mtate nngsvnreroiiemomtvpcooegl fnenfovie ne,daloagcnnAarB
oteN od otiripsE .otnaS ehT s’maet laog saw ot yfitnedi sreirrab ot s’nemow noitapicitrapdna
dnemmocer seitinutroppo rof gnicnahne s’nemow noitubirtnoc ot ycarcomed dna cimonoce
g nn.ii srhDmutIatiArcwSguUor rtpser esh s T ge dgncoenioslidrlidlpaani taufalntboaesrreendengu
.nemo wnalogn Af osecnatsmucri ceht
:)sOS (sevitcejb ocigetart s]desiver [s’alognA/DIAS Uf oow trevo co tdedivi dsa wmae tehT
1. desaercnI ,tnemeltteser noitatilibaher dna doof ecnailer-fles fo detceffa-rawnalognA
dn a)1#OS (seitinummoc
2. sno itutit slnaiciti l doynptaei clois vdiecnehtgne rhtgsuo rnhotitailicno clearnoi tdaensaercnI
(SO#2).
,e isBe(cniv oe r vhpnicifrae sdeertcud nmo acHeCtET D eI,hWstk ee e vewfisofr u eorhcetvO
aznauC ,luS ,obma u,HegnalaM dna .)adnauL ehT 1#OS maet detcudnoc erom naht 003sweivretni
eno-no- ernoo( ni l l,a)msspuo rdgn ade hrceahetron a002 elpoep ni r.esgnroailsses ehT 2#OSmaet
nar xis sucof spuorg ot ssucsid nalognA nemow dna eht ,ai d,etmnemyol p,myetnruevop,ecneloiv
na msuthhg i yrdr nasamuos tresetuvact s.wal ehT maet osla tem h tsi gweneirrhe thftoa gnemowni
eht musseques )snwo tytnahs( . e ohdTnuli anABiME Dd AnAaM ImLo rnfem ohwt id wnaadna ufLo
lluf maet tem htiw eht retsiniM fo nemoW ot ero lspexietinutroppo ot etarepooc ni gniveihcareh
.alognA/DIAS Uf oesoh tdn asevitcejb os’yrtsiniM
HISTORICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF ANGOLAN WOMEN
$ erehT era ta tsael enin rojam citsiugnilonhte spuorg ni ,alognA emos fo hcihwera
:nem orw otfnatrop mei rtaa hstcitsiretcara hoc wetra hy se. ht Toen ream ods nlaaenilirtam
ceicrnoattspiehc cf ao,ymagyl odpna eh tceicmnoantorcoep mfio nemow gnniisivrepus
.seitivitc anoitcudor ppor ctsom