Wiley Critical Content: Petroleum Technology

1872 Pages·2007·26.09 MB·English

by  Wiley

WILEY CRITICAL CONTENT
PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME 1-2
WILEY-INTERSCIENCE
WILEY-VCH
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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CONTRIBUTORS
ColinBarker,UniversityofTulsa,Tulsa, M.LarryCampbell,ExxonChemicalCompany,
Oklahoma,UnitedStates,Petroleum, FlorhamPark,NewJersey,UnitedStates,
Introduction Cyclohexane
ScottD.Barnicki,EastmanChemical MartinCarrera,AmocoCorporation,
Company,Kingsport,Tennessee,United Naperville,Illinois,UnitedStates,Propylene
States,SeparationsProcessSynthesis ClarenceD.Chang,MobilResearchand
CalvinBartholomew,BrighamYoung DevelopmentCorporation,Princeton,
University,Provo,Utah,UnitedStates, NewJersey,UnitedStates,Fuels,Synthetic,
CatalystDeactivationandRegeneration Liquid
Ju¨rgenBa¨ssler,UhdeGmbH,Dortmund, W.C.Cheng,W.R.Grace&Company,
Germany,Acetylene Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,Fluid
ArnoBehr,HenkelKGaA,Du¨sseldorf, CatalyticCracking,CatalystsandAdditives
Germany,Hydrocarbons T.T.PeterCheung,PhillipsPetroleum
HartmutBehringer,Hoechst Company,Bartlesville,Oklahoma,United
Aktiengesellschaft,WerkKnapsack, States,Cyclopentadieneand
Germany,Acetylene Dicyclopentadiene
L.E.Bell,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois, P.D.Clark,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,
UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units, Alberta,Canada,SulfurandHydrogenSulfide
Regeneration Recovery
RosemarieBerger,Ludwigshafen,Germany, GerdCollin,DECHEMAe.V.,Frankfurtam
Liquid–LiquidExtraction Main,Germany,Anthracene;Hydrocarbons;
RonaldL.Berglund,Terracon,Kingwood, NaphthaleneandHydronaphthalenes
Texas,UnitedStates,EmissionControl, AxelCommichau,MobilEuropeGasInc.,The
Industrial Hague,TheNetherlands,NaturalGas
DieterBiedenkapp,BASFAktiengesellschaft, WernerDabelstein,DeutscheShellAG,
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Hydrocarbons Hamburg,Germany,OctaneEnhancers
GeoffJ.Bishop,ShellAviationLtd.,London, RulaDeeb,MalcolmPirnie,Inc.,Emeryville,
UnitedKingdom,AviationTurbineFuels California,UnitedStates,MethylTert-Butyl
EckhartBlass,TechnischeUniversita¨t Ether
Mu¨nchen,Mu¨nchen,Germany,Liquid–Liquid JamesR.Dickey,LubricantsConsultant,
Extraction BaskingRidge,NewJersey,UnitedStates,
KlausBoehlke,BASFAktiengesellschaft, LubricationandLubricants
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Waxes WolframDietsche,BASFAktiengesellschaft,
JohnT.Boepple,NexantChemSystems,White Ludwigshafen,Germany,Waxes
Plains,NewYork,UnitedStates, MichaelF.Doherty,UniversityofCalifornia,
PetrochemicalFeedstocks SantaBarbara,SantaBarbara,California,
JohnK.Borchardt,ShellDevelopment UnitedStates,Distillation,Azeotropicand
Company,Houston,Texas,UnitedStates, Extractive
EnhancedOilRecovery T.J.Dougan,W.R.Grace&Company,
JamesA.Brient,MerichemCompany, Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,Fluid
Houston,Texas,UnitedStates,Naphthenic CatalyticCracking,CatalystsandAdditives
Acids MaryNoonDoyle,ShepherdChemical
P.F.Bryan,ChevronResearchandTechnology Company,Cincinnati,Ohio,UnitedStates,
Company,Richmond,California,United NaphthenicAcids
States,BTXProcessing LawrenceJ.Drew,U.S.GeologicalSurvey,
KlausBuckl,LindeAG,Ho¨llriegelskreuth, Reston,Virginia,UnitedStates,Petroleum,
Germany,Acetylene Introduction
NarasimhanCalamur,AmocoCorporation, Gu¨nterEbersberg,Degussa-Hu¨lsAG,Marl,
Naperville,Illinois,UnitedStates,Propylene Germany,Acetylene
ix
x CONTRIBUTORS Vol. 1
Jo¨rgFabri,DeutscheShellAG,Hamburg, GerdHohner,HoechstAktiengesellschaft,Werk
Germany,OctaneEnhancers;Xylenes Gersthofen,Augsburg,Germany,Waxes
JamesR.Fair,TheUniversityofTexasat HartmutHo¨ke,Weinheim,Germany,
Austin,Austin,Texas,UnitedStates, Anthracene;Hydrocarbons;Naphthalene
Distillation andHydronaphthalenes
KevinJ.Fallon,WashingtonGroup CraigA.Hoyme,EastmanChemicalCompany,
International,Inc.,Cambridge, Kingsport,Tennessee,UnitedStates,
Massachusetts,UnitedStates,Ethylbenzene SeparationsProcessSynthesis
WilliamFruscella,UnocalCorporation,El ChangSamuelHsu,ExxonResearchand
Segundo,California,UnitedStates,Benzene EngineeringCompany,Annandale,New
DorotheaGarbe,Haarmann&ReimerGmbH, Jersey,UnitedStates,Petroleum,Introduction
Holzminden,Germany,Hydrocarbons WaltherW.Irion,DeutscheShellAG,
BruceC.Gates,UniversityofCalifornia, Hamburg,Germany,OilRefining,
Davis,Davis,California,UnitedStates, EnvironmentalConsiderations
Catalysis MichaelKavanaugh,MalcolmPirnie,Inc.,
EugenGehrer,BASFAktiengesellschaft, Emeryville,California,UnitedStates,Methyl
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Acylationand Tert-ButylEther
Alkylation RolandKettner,MobilErdgas–Erdo¨lGmbH,
Heinz-PeterGelbke,BASFAktiengesellschaft, Celle,Germany,NaturalGas
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Ethylbenzene JeffreyP.Knapp,E.I.duPontdeNemours
UlrichGraeser,VebaO¨lAG,Gelsenkirchen, &Company,Wilmington,Delaware,United
Germany,Xylenes States,Distillation,AzeotropicandExtractive
HelmutGreim,Institutfu¨rToxikologieund ChristianKu¨chen,Institutfu¨rWirtschaftliche
Umwelthygiene,TechnischeUniversita¨t Oelheizung,Hamburg,Germany,HeatingOil
Mu¨nchen,Freising-Weihenstephan,Germany, G.R.Lappin,AlbemarleCorporation,Baton
NaphthaleneandHydronaphthalenes Rouge,Louisiana,UnitedStates,Olefins,
KarlGriesbaum,Universita¨tKarlsruhe(TH), Higher
Karlsruhe,Germany,Hydrocarbons MarylineLaugier,MalcolmPirnie,Inc.,
BaruchGrinbaum,IMI(TAMI)Institutefor Emeryville,California,UnitedStates,Methyl
ResearchandDevelopment,DSBG,HaifaBay, Tert-ButylEther
Israel,DrillingFluids GeorgeM.Long,InstituteofGasTechnology,
GeorgHammer,MobilErdgas–Erdo¨lGmbH, Chicago,Illinois,UnitedStates,Pipelines
Celle,Germany,NaturalGas EckhardLoser,BayerAG,Wuppertal,
ScottHan,MobilResearchandDevelopment Germany,Isoprene
Corporation,Princeton,NewJersey,United TorstenLu¨bcke,MobilErdgas–Erdo¨lGmbH,
States,Fuels,Synthetic,Liquid Celle,Germany,NaturalGas
R.H.Harding,W.R.Grace&Company, DieterMayer,HoechstAktiengesellschaft,
Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,Fluid Frankfurt,Germany,Acetylene;Hydrocarbons
CatalyticCracking,CatalystsandAdditives HelmutMeinass,LindeAG,Ho¨llriegelskreuth,
B.W.Hedrick,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois, Germany,Acetylene
UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units, GeorgMichalczyk,DEAMineralo¨lAG,
Regeneration Hamburg,Germany,Waxes
WernerHefner,BASFAktiengesellschaft, JohnJ.Mooney,EnvironmentalandEnergy
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Acetylene TechnologyandPolicyInstitute,Wyckoff,
Franz-LeoHeinrichs,Hoechst NewJersey,UnitedStates,EmissionControl,
Aktiengesellschaft,WerkGersthofen, Automotive
Augsburg,Germany,Waxes PatrickMoran,U.S.NavalAcademy,
RobertN.Heistand,Consultant,Englewood, Annapolis,Maryland,UnitedStates,
Colorado,UnitedStates,OilShale CorrosionandCorrosionControl
C.L.Hemler,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois, SanfordL.Moskowitz,AmericanEconomics
UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units, GroupandChemicalHeritageFoundation,
Regeneration Abington,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates,
AlbertM.Hochhauser,ExxonMobilResearch SyntheticOrganicChemicals,Economic
andEngineeringCompany,Paulsboro,New Evaluation
Jersey,UnitedStates,GasolineandOther EckartMu¨ller,FrankfurtamMain,Germany,
MotorFuels Liquid–LiquidExtraction
Vol. 1 CONTRIBUTORS xi
RichardMu¨ller,Degussa-Hu¨lsAG,Marl, W.J.Reagan,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,
Germany,Acetylene Illinois,UnitedStates,FluidCatalytic
ThomasNarbeshuber,BASF Cracking,Units,Regeneration
Aktiengesellschaft,Ludwigshafen,Germany, HertaRecknagel,RuhrgasAG,Essen,
AcylationandAlkylation Germany,NaturalGas
PaulNatishan,NavalResearchLaboratory, ArnoReglitzky,DeutscheShellAG,Hamburg,
Washington,DC,UnitedStates, Germany,OctaneEnhancers
CorrosionandCorrosionControl J.R.Riley,W.R.Grace&Company,
J.R.D.Nee,W.R.Grace&Company, Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,
Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,Fluid FluidCatalyticCracking,Catalystsand
CatalyticCracking,CatalystsandAdditives Additives
L.H.Nemec,AlbemarleCorporation,Baton HeinrichRischmu¨ller,TechnischeUniversita¨t
Rouge,Louisiana,UnitedStates,Olefins, Clausthal,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Germany,
Higher Exploration,Drilling,andProduction
Hans-JoachimNeumann,GermanPetroleum Engineering
Institute,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Germany, WinstonK.Robbins,ExxonResearchand
NaturalGas EngineeringCompany,Annandale,New
OttoS.Neuwirth,UKWesseling,Wesseling, Jersey,UnitedStates,Petroleum,
Germany,OilRefining,Environmental Introduction
Considerations MichaelRo¨per,BASFAktiengesellschaft,
FranzNierlich,OxenoOlefinchemieGmbH, Ludwigshafen,Germany,Acylationand
Marl,Germany,MethylTert-ButylEther Alkylation
E.DicksonOzokwelu,AmocoChemical F.S.Rosser,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois,
Company,Naperville,Illinois,UnitedStates, UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units,
Toluene Regeneration
BarbaraPaczynska-Lahme,Consultant, MichaelSakuth,Hu¨lsInfracorGmbH,Marl,
Osterode,Germany,NaturalGas Germany,MethylTert-ButylEther
ChristianPaetz,BayerAG,Leverkusen, J.D.Sauer,AlbemarleCorporation,Baton
Germany,Hydrocarbons Rouge,Louisiana,UnitedStates,Olefins,
P.Palmas,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois, Higher
UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units, AlanW.Scaroni,PennsylvaniaState
Regeneration University,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania,
PeterPa¨ssler,BASFAktiengesellschaft, UnitedStates,CombustionScienceand
Ludwigshafen,Germany,Acetylene Technology
WolfgangPayer,HoechstAktiengesellschaft, KunoScha¨dlich,VEBAOELAG,
WerkRuhrchemie,Oberhausen,Germany, Gelsenkirchen,Germany,OctaneEnhancers
Waxes HansSchmidt,HoechstAktiengesellschaft,
UdoPeters,OxenoOlefinchemieGmbH,Marl, WerkGersthofen,Augsburg,Germany,
Germany,MethylTert-ButylEther Waxes
MarkR.Pillarella,AirProductsand PeterSchug,VEBAOELAG,Gelsenkirchen,
Chemicals,Inc.,Allentown,Pennsylvania, Germany,OctaneEnhancers
UnitedStates,NaturalGas EkkehardSchulte-Ko¨rne,OxenoOlefinchemie
EdwinM.Piper,PiperDesignsLLC,Littleton, GmbH,Marl,Germany,MethylTert-Butyl
Colorado,UnitedStates,OilShale Ether
SarmaV.Pisupati,PennsylvaniaState RezaSharifi,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,
University,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania, UniversityPark,Pennsylvania,UnitedStates,
UnitedStates,CombustionScienceand CombustionScienceandTechnology
Technology WolfgangSiegel,BASFAktiengesellschaft,
HeinrichPredel,MiROGmbH&Company Ludwigshafen,Germany,Acylationand
KG,Karlsruhe,Germany,PetroleumCoke Alkylation
RogerC.Prince,ExxonResearchand JeffreyJ.Siirola,EastmanChemical
EngineeringCompany,Annandale, Company,Kingsport,Tennessee,United
NewJersey,UnitedStates,Bioremediation States,SeparationsProcessSynthesis
Gu¨nterPusch,TechnischeUniversita¨t ThomasA.Simo,LurgiO¨lGasChemieGmbH,
Clausthal,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Germany, Frankfurt,Germany,Xylenes
Exploration,Drilling,andProduction DomienSluyts,BayerAG,Antwerpen,
Engineering Belgium,Liquid–LiquidExtraction
xii CONTRIBUTORS Vol. 1
JamesG.Speight,Consultant,Laramie, KlausWeggen,Hemmingen,Germany,
Wyoming,UnitedStates,Asphalt;Fuels, Exploration,Drilling,andProduction
Synthetic,Gaseous;PetroleumRefinery Engineering
Processes;TarSands HansMartinWeitz,BASFAktiengesellschaft,
KnutSpitzmu¨ller,Hamburg,Germany, Ludwigshafen,Germany,Isoprene
HeatingOil VincentA.Welch,WashingtonGroup
H.N.Sun,ExxonChemicalCompany,Baytown, International,Inc.,Cambridge,
Texas,UnitedStates,Butadiene Massachusetts,UnitedStates,Ethylbenzene
MarttiSuominen,FortumOilandGasOy, Hans-Ju¨rgenWernicke,LindeAG,
Finland,MethylTert-ButylEther Ho¨llriegelskreuth,Germany,Acetylene
W.A.Sweeney,ChevronResearchand PeterJ.Wessner,MerichemCompany,
TechnologyCompany,Richmond,California, Houston,Texas,UnitedStates,
UnitedStates,BTXProcessing NaphthenicAcids
Jo¨rgTalbiersky,Dorsten,Germany, ThomasP.Whaley,Consultant,SunCity,
Anthracene Arizona,UnitedStates,Pipelines
R.RayTaylor,PhillipsPetroleumCompany, JosefWildgruber,HoechstAktiengesellschaft,
Bartlesville,Oklahoma,UnitedStates, WerkGersthofen,Augsburg,Germany,Waxes
LiquefiedPetroleumGas UweWolfmeier,HoechstAktiengesellschaft,
ShmuelD.Ukeles,IMI(TAMI)Institutefor WerkGersthofen,Augsburg,Germany,
ResearchandDevelopment,DSBG,HaifaBay, Waxes
Israel,DrillingFluids J.P.Wristers,ExxonChemicalCompany,
L.L.Upson,UOPLLC,DesPlaines,Illinois, Baytown,Texas,UnitedStates,Butadiene
UnitedStates,FluidCatalyticCracking,Units, G.Yaluris,W.R.Grace&Company,
Regeneration Columbia,Maryland,UnitedStates,
Heinz-WernerVoges,Hu¨lsAktiengesellschaft, FluidCatalyticCracking,Catalysts
Marl,Germany,Hydrocarbons andAdditives
J.D.Wagner,AlbemarleCorporation,Baton X.Zhao,W.R.Grace&Company,Columbia,
Rouge,Louisiana,UnitedStates,Olefins, Maryland,UnitedStates,FluidCatalytic
Higher Cracking,CatalystsandAdditives
RolandWalzl,LindeAG,Hoellriegelskreuth, HeinzZimmermann,LindeAG,
Germany,Ethylene Hoellriegelskreuth,Germany,Ethylene
PREFACE
Wiley’s major reference works cover a multitude of subject disciplines and have
earned many accolades over the years for their well-structured, accessible arti-
cles, covering both fundamentals and cutting-edge topics. The Wiley Critical
Content Series was conceived in response to demand from customers who
have a strong interest in certain key topics covered within more than one of
Wiley’s reference works and who have asked to see the most relevant articles
brought together in one place. Wiley Critical Content: Petroleum Technology
is the first title to be published in this series. It features articles from two
of Wiley’s most prestigious encyclopedias—the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology and Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Wiley Critical Content: Petroleum Technology provides comprehensive, up-
to-date information on all aspects of petroleum: properties and origin, explora-
tion, production and refining processes, economic issues, and environmental
and health concerns. The two volumes contain over fifty articles, organized
thematically:
- Part I: Exploration, Production, and Refining
- Part II: Refined Products and Fuels
- Part III: Petrochemicals
Written by prominent scholars from around the world, this reliable reference
will be of particular interest to petroleum engineers, researchers in industry
and academia, and other professionals and consultants in petroleum-related
industries.
vii
CONTENTS VOLUME 1
PART I: EXPLORATION, PRODUCTION, AND REFINING
Petroleum, Introduction 1 Catalysis 499
Exploration,Drilling,
Catalyst Deactivation
andProduction Engineering 43
andRegeneration 553
Enhanced OilRecovery 167
Distillation 621
OilShale 194
Distillation, Azeotropic
TarSands 222
andExtractive 667
DrillingFluids 250
Separations Process
PetroleumRefinery
Synthesis 734
Processes 291
Liquid–Liquid Extraction 776
OilRefining,Environmental
Considerations 334
Pipelines 851
NaturalGas 355
Sulfur andHydrogen Sulfide
BTX Processing 427 Recovery 872
FluidCatalytic Cracking,
Corrosion andCorrosion
Units, Regeneration 442
Control 896
FluidCatalytic Cracking,
Catalysts andAdditives 477 Bioremediation 920
v
CONTENTS VOLUME 2
PART II: REFINED PRODUCTS AND FUELS
LiquefiedPetroleum Gas 1 Fuels,Synthetic, Liquid 329
Lubrication andLubricants 14
Fuels,Synthetic, Gaseous 377
Waxes 85
OctaneEnhancers 406
Asphalt 169
MethylTert-Butyl Ether 428
PetroleumCoke 205
Gasolineand OtherMotorFuels 223 Combustion Science
andTechnology 449
Aviation Turbine Fuels 273
Emission Control,Automotive 493
HeatingOil 293
Naphthenic Acids 317 Emission Control,Industrial 529
PART III: PETROCHEMICALS
PetrochemicalFeedstocks 576 Ethylbenzene 974
Hydrocarbons 591 Cyclopentadiene and
Dicyclopentadiene 991
Acetylene 652
Naphthaleneand
Ethylene 727
Hydronaphthalenes 1007
Propylene 799
Anthracene 1020
Butadiene 820
Olefins,Higher 1028
Isoprene 849
Acylationand
Cyclohexane 876
Alkylation 1047
Benzene 885
SyntheticOrganic Chemicals,
Toluene 914 Economic Evaluation 1114
Xylenes 944 Index 1141
vi