Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560, Advantage Edition, Sixth Edition

524 Pages·2010·12.91 MB·English

by  Thomas F. X. Noble

Western
Civilization
Beyond Boundaries
Sixth Edition
ADVANTAGE EDITION
VOLUME II
Since 1560
Thomas F. X. Noble
University of Notre Dame
Barry Strauss
Cornell University
Duane J. Osheim
University of Virginia
Kristen B. Neuschel
Duke University
Elinor A. Accampo
University of Southern California
David D. Roberts
University of Georgia
William B. Cohen
Late of Indiana University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Western Civilization: Beyond © 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Boundaries, Volume II:
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Since 1560, Advantage Edition,
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Sixth Edition
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Kristen B. Neuschel, Elinor
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William B. Cohen
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Brief Contents
15 Europe in the Age of Religious Wars, 1560–1648 414
16 Europe in the Age of Louis XIV, ca. 1640–1715 446
17 A Revolution in Worldview 478
18 Europe on the Threshold of Modernity, ca. 1715–1789 505
19 An Age of Revolution, 1789–1815 537
20 The Industrial Transformation of Europe, 1750–1850 568
21 Restoration, Reform, and Revolution, 1814–1848 589
22 Nationalism and Political Reform, 1850–1880 619
23 The Age of Optimism, 1850–1880 645
24 Imperialism and Escalating Tensions, 1880–1914 668
25 War and Revolution, 1914–1919 695
26 The Illusion of Stability, 1919–1930 726
27 The Tortured Decade, 1930–1939 754
28 The Era of the Second World War, 1939–1949 783
29 An Anxious Stability: The Age of the Cold War, 1949–1989 818
30 A Continuing Experiment: The West and the World Since 1989 851
iii
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Contents
Preface xiv
About the Authors xxviii
15
Imperial Spain and the Limits of Royal Power 415
EUROPE IN THE AGE The Revolt of the Netherlands 415
Successes at Home and Around the Mediterranean 420
OF RELIGIOUS WARS,
Spain in Decline, 1600–1648 422
1560–1648
Religious and Political Conflict in France and
414
England 422
The French Religious Wars, 1562–1598 423
The Consolidation of Royal Authority in France,
1598–1643 424
Precarious Stability in England: The Reign of Elizabeth I,
1558–1603 426
Rising Tensions in England, 1603–1642 429
The Holy Roman Empire and the Thirty Years’ War 431
Fragile Peace in the Holy Roman Empire, 1556–1618 432
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648 432
The Effects of the War 435
Economic Change and Social Tensions 437
Economic Transformation and Social Change 437
Coping with Poverty and Violence 439
The Hunt for Witches 440
Writing, Drama, and Art in an Age of Upheaval 441
Literacy and Literature 441
The Great Age of Theater 442
Drama, Art, and Political Thought 443
IMPORTANT EVENTS 444
16
France in the Age of Absolutism 447
EUROPE IN THE AGE The Last Challenge to Absolutism: The Fronde,
1648–1653 448
OF LOUIS XIV,
France Under Louis XIV, 1661–1715 449
CA. 1640–1715
The Life of the Court 451
446 The Burdens of War and the Limits of Power 452
The English Civil War and Its Aftermath 455
Civil War, 1642–1649 455
The Interregnum, 1649–1660 456
iv
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Contents v
The Restoration, 1660–1685 458
The Glorious Revolution, 1688 459
New Powers in Central and Eastern Europe 462
The Consolidation of Austria 462
The Rise of Brandenburg-Prussia 464
Competition Around the Baltic 465
Russia Under Peter the Great 467
The Expansion of Overseas Trade and Settlement 469
The Growth of Trading Empires: The Success of the
Dutch 469
The “Golden Age” of the Netherlands 470
The Growth of Atlantic Commerce 471
Early Colonies in North America 473
The Impact of Trade and Warfare Within Europe 476
IMPORTANT EVENTS 476
17
The Revolution in Astronomy, 1543–1632 479
A REVOLUTION IN The Inherited Worldview 480
The Challenge by Copernicus 482
WORLDVIEW
The First Copernican Astronomers 483
478
Galileo and the Triumph of Copernicanism 485
The Scientific Revolution Expands, ca. 1600–1700 487
The Uses of the New Science 487
Scientific Thought in France 489
Science and Revolution in England 491
The Achievement of Isaac Newton 492
Developments in Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine 494
The New Science in Context: Society, Politics, and
Religion 496
The Beginnings of Scientific Professionalism 496
Women Scientists and Institutional Constraints 497
The New Science, the State, and the Church 498
The New Science and Political Thought at the End of the
Seventeenth Century 501
IMPORTANT EVENTS 503
18
The Enlightenment 506
EUROPE ON THE Voltaire: The Quintessential Philosophe 507
The Variety of Enlightenment Thought 508
THRESHOLD OF
The Growth of Public Opinion 512
MODERNITY,
The Arts in the Age of Reason 514
CA. 1715–1789
European States in the Age of Enlightenment 516
505 France During the Enlightenment 516
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vi Contents
Monarchy and Parliament in Great Britain 518
“Enlightened” Monarchy 520
The Widening World of Trade and Production 523
The Atlantic World: Expanding Commerce and the
Slave Trade 525
The Growth of Industry 528
The Widening World of Warfare 529
The Pattern of War Within Europe 529
Great Britain and France: Wars Overseas 531
The Costs of Warfare 534
IMPORTANT EVENTS 535
19
The Origins of Revolution, 1775–1789 538
AN AGE OF Revolutionary Movements in Europe 539
The American Revolution and the Kingdom
REVOLUTION,
of France 540
1789–1815
The Crisis of the Old Regime 541
537 The Estates General 543
1789: A Revolution Begins 544
The Phases of the Revolution, 1789–1799 547
The First Phase Completed, 1789–1791 547
The Second Phase and Foreign War, 1791–1793 549
The Faltering Republic and the Terror, 1793–1794 551
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory,
1794–1799 554
The Napoleonic Era and the Legacy of Revolution,
1799–1815 555
Napoleon: From Soldier to Emperor, 1799–1804 556
Conquering Europe, 1805–1810 558
Defeat and Abdication, 1812–1815 561
The Legacy of Revolution for France and the World 563
IMPORTANT EVENTS 567
20
Preconditions for Industrialization 569
THE INDUSTRIAL Why Europe? 569
Transformations Accompanying Industrialization 570
TRANSFORMATION
Britain’s Lead in Industrial Innovation 571
OF EUROPE,
New Modes of Production 572
1750–1850
Mass Production 572
568 New Energy Sources and Their Impacts 574
Inventors and Entrepreneurs 575
The Spread of Industry to the Continent 575
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Contents vii
Social, Cultural, and Environmental Impacts 578
Urbanization and Its Discontents 578
Social Class and Family Life 580
The Land, the Water, and the Air 583
A Changing Sense of Time 584
Responses to Industrialization 584
The Growth of Working-Class Solidarity 584
Collective Action 586
IMPORTANT EVENTS 587
21
Restoration and Reaction, 1814–1830 590
RESTORATION, The Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815 590
Restored Monarchs in Western Europe 591
REFORM, AND
Eastern Europe 593
REVOLUTION,
Spain and Its Colonies 595
1814–1848
Ideological Confrontations 596
589 Conservatism 596
Romanticism 597
Nationalism 599
Liberalism 600
Socialism 602
The Quest for Reform, 1830–1848 605
Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy in France 605
British Reforms 606
The Absolutist States of Central and Eastern Europe 608
The Revolutions of 1848 612
Roots of Rebellion 612
Liberals: From Success to Defeat 614
The Nationalist Impulse 615
IMPORTANT EVENTS 617
22
The Changing Nature of International Relations 620
NATIONALISM AND The Crimean War, 1854–1856 621
The Congress of Paris, 1856 621
POLITICAL REFORM,
Forging New Nation–States, 1850–1880 622
1850–1880
Italian Unification, 1859–1870 623
619
German Unification, 1850–1871 626
Fragile Empires 631
The Dual Monarchy in Austria-Hungary 631
The Ailing Ottoman Empire 632
Russia and the Great Reforms 636
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viii Contents
The Development of Western Democracies 638
Victorian Britain 638
France: From Empire to Republic 640
Scandinavia and the Low Countries 642
IMPORTANT EVENTS 643
23
Industrial Growth and Acceleration 646
THE AGE OF The “Second Industrial Revolution” 647
Transportation and Communication 647
OPTIMISM,
Social Impacts of Economic Growth 649
1850–1880
The Adapting Aristocracy 650
645
The Expanding Middle Classes 650
Middle-Class Lifestyles 652
Improving Conditions among Workers and the Poor 654
The Transformation of the Countryside 655
Urban Problems and Solutions 656
City Planning and Urban Renovation 657
The Introduction of Public Services 658
Culture in an Age of Optimism 659
Darwin and Evolution 660
Physics, Chemistry, and Medicine 661
Birth of the Social Sciences 662
The Challenge to Religion 663
Culture in the Age of Material Change 665
IMPORTANT EVENTS 667
24
The New Imperialism and the Spread of Europe’s
IMPERIALISM AND Influence 669
Economic and Social Motives 670
ESCALATING
Nationalistic Motives 670
TENSIONS,
Other Ideological Motives 671
1880–1914
Conquest, Administration, and Westernization 673
668 Unanticipated Consequences: Rebellion and Colonial
War 674
From Optimism to Anxiety: Politics and Culture 676
The Erosion of the Liberal Consensus 677
The Growth of Socialism and Anarchism 677
The New Right, Racism, and Anti-Semitism 678
Irrationality and Uncertainty 680
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Contents ix
Vulnerable Democracies 682
Great Britain 682
France 683
Italy 686
Autocracies in Crisis 687
Germany 687
Austria-Hungary 688
Ottoman Empire 688
Russia 689
The Coming War 690
Power Alignments 691
The Momentum Toward War 691
IMPORTANT EVENTS 694
25
The Unforeseen Stalemate, 1914–1917 696
WAR AND August 1914: The Domestic and Military Setting 697
Into the Nightmare, 1914–1916 698
REVOLUTION,
Seeking a Breakthrough, 1915–1917 701
1914–1919
1917 as a Turning Point 702
695
The Experience of Total War 702
Hardship on the Home Front 703
Domestic Mobilization 703
Accelerating Socioeconomic Change 704
Propaganda and the “Mobilization of Enthusiasm” 705
The Two Russian Revolutions of 1917 706
The Wartime Crisis of the Russian Autocracy 706
The March Revolution and the Fate of the Provisional
Government 707
The Bolsheviks Come to Power 708
The Russian Revolution and the War 711
The New War and the Allied Victory, 1917–1918 711
The Debate over War Aims 712
The Renewal of the French War Effort 713
The German Gamble, 1918 713
Military Defeat and Political Change in Germany 714
The Outcome and the Impact 715
The Costs of War 716
The Search for Peace in a Revolutionary Era 716
The Peace Settlement 719
The Cultural Impact of the Great War 723
IMPORTANT EVENTS 724
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