Westermann Tables For The Metal Trade

156 Pages·2006·25.399 MB·English

by  Hermann Jütz, Eduard Scharkus (editors)

.'""
WESTERMANN
TABLES
FortheMetalTrade
Materials· NumericaOl uantities· Forms
REVISEDTOINDIAN STANDARDS
REVISEDSECONDEDITION
Edited by
Hermann Jiitz
and
Eduard scharkus
PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD
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Materials-Numerical Q\
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Preface
Materials-Numerical Quantities-Fonns- Tables compiled for the metal trade are dedicated to
vocationalschools as well as to practical usage at the job site. Although the tables have been compiled
foruse primarily by the apprentice, the specialized worker will also find them useful. Every effort has
beenmade to shorten the sometimes tedious operations and the arrangement of subject matter is such
thatits contents are readily available to the practical man.
Much painstaking effort must go in compiling and arranging such tables. Infonnation must be so
selectedthat the reader can, from the bulk of material, easily find out the subject of his interest. Often, a
decisionofeither selecting anitem or rejecting itproves difficult. Too much material packed into tabular
compilations can be as hannful a~the omission of some vital pieces of infonnation.
Not only the selection but also the arrangement of material requires considerable thought if the
contents of the tabular compilations have to be offered for ready reference. Only then can the reader
decidewhere to look for proper infonnation. The principle of order must be evident at once.
The authors and publishers hope that they have succeeded in fulfilling their special tasks. However,
suggestions for improving the tabular compilations are welcome.
HERMANN J(JTz
Braunschweig EDUARDSCHARKUS
andNortheim
Table of Contents
SECTION ONE
Materials 1-27
SECTION Two
Numbers 28-63
-.
SECTION THREE
Mechanics 64-75
SECTION FOUR
EngineeringComponents 76-93
SECTION FIVE
MetalCuttingOperations 94-127
SECTION SIX
EngineeringDrawings 128-147
Index 148-150
151
Measures and Weights
Westermann Tables
Materials
Classificationandcategories
0 0 9
Ferrousmetals E?
ferrous
metals
Structural Tool Cast Malleable Copper,Lead PVC
steel steel steel iron iron Zinc,Tin,
White- Nickel. AI Vulcani-
heart zedfibre
CaIbon CaIbon Grey malleable Copperalloys
steel toolsteel castiron iron ZAinIcaallloloyyss Amino-
Black- plasts
heart
Astleloely toAolllsotyeel caAsltloiryon malleable Solders Phenol-
iron plasts
General properties of materials
Chemical elements
Specific weight-Melting points-Coefficient of linear (thenna\) expansion
Sym- Element Specific Melting Coefficient Sym- Element Specific Melting Coefficient
bol weight or solidi- of linear bol weight or solidi- of linear
-
gflemJ fication (thermal) gflemJ fication (thermal)
point expansion point expansion
°C a °C a
Ag Silver 10.5 961 0.000 020 Ni Nickel 8.9 1453 0.000 013
AI Aluminium 2.7 660 0.000 024 P Phosphorus 1.82 44 0.000 124
Au Gold 19.3 1063 0.000 014 Pb Lead 11.35 327 0.000 029
Ba Barium 3.74 704 PI Platinum 21.45 1769 0.000 009
Be Beryllium 1.85 1283 0.000 012 Ra Radium 5.00 700
Bi Bismuth 9.75 271 0.000 013 S Sulphur 2.06 113 0.000 064
C Carbon Sb Antimony 6.69 630 0.000 011
Graphite 2.25 3550 0.000 008 Se Selenium 4.5 217 0.000 037
Diamond 3.52 3600 0.000 001 Si Silicon 2.4 1410 0.000 008
Ca Calcium 1.55 850 Sn Tin 7.3 232 0.000 023
Cd Cadmium 8.64 321 0.000 029 Ta Tantalum 16.6 3030 0.000 007
Ce Cerium 6.9 775 Th Thorium 11.2 1827 0.000 011
Co Cobalt 8.8 1492 0.000 013 Ti Titanium 4.52 1812 0.000 009
Cr Chromium 7.1 1800 0.000 007 U Uranium 18.7 1132
Cu Copper 8.9 1083 0.000 017 V Vanadium 5.96 1730
Fe Iron 7.86 1535 0.000 012 W Tangsten 19.27 3380 0.000 004
1r Iridium 22.42 2443 0.000 006 Zn Zinc 7.13 420 0.000 026
K Potassium 0.86 63 0.000 084 Zr Zirconium 6.5 1852 0.000 005
La Lanthanum 6.18 826 Hg Mercury 13.5 - 39
Li Lithium 0.53 180 0.000 058 CI Chlorine - 101
Mg Magnesium 1.74 650 0.000 026 H Hydrogen - 259
Mn Manganese 7.3 1244 0.000 023 He Helium -272
Mo Molybdenum 10.21 2610 0.000 005 N Nitrogen -210
Na Sodium 0.97 98 0.000 071 Ne Neon ..:.249
Nb Niobium 8.55 2415 0.000 007 0 Oxygen - 219
2 WestermannTables
SpecificWeigbt-MeltingPoint--CoeffidentofThennalExpansioo--Shrie
=
Specific weight Weightperunit volume(gf/cm' orkgf/dm3)
EO
it
=
-- -. Meltingpoint (Fusionpoint) Temperature at whichparticular material startsmelting
-r
=
Coefficientoflinear (thermal) Increase inlengthofunit lengthofa
expansion a solidfortemperature riseof 1°C.
Materials
Material Specific weight Meltingpoint °C Material Coefficient of
gflem' linear expansion
Steel 7.85 1350...1450 Ironand Steel 0.000 012 j
Cast steel 7.85 Chrome steel 0.000 010
Greycast iron 7.2 1150...1250 Nickel steel 0.000 012
High-speed steel 9.0 =2000 Tungsten carbide 0.000 006
Tungsten carbide 14.75 =2000 Invar 0.000 0015
Constantan 8.89 =1600 Chromium 0.000 007
Invar (36%Ni) 8.7 1450 Constantan 0.000 015
Brass 8.5 = 900 Electron 0.000 024
I
AIbronze 8.4 Aluminium 0.000 023 I
AIcastbronze 7.6 Magnesium 0.000 026
Tin bronze 8.6 = 900 Gold 0.000 014 I
Lead bronze 9.5 Silver 0.000 019
AI-alloy (AI,Cu, Mg) 2.8 = 650 Zinc 0.000 030
Mg-alloy 1.8 = 650 Tin 0.000 023
Babbitt metal 7.5...10.1 300...400 Lead 0.000 029
Plexiglass 1.2 Nickel 0.000 013
Platinum 0.000 009
Alcohol at 18°C 0.79 -110 Brass 0.000 018
Petrol at 15°C 0.72 -150 Brouce 0.000 017
Copper sulphate 1.11 Plexiglass 0.000 010
I
Waterat4°C 1.0 0 Glass I 0.000 008
Porcelain 0.000 003
Acetylene atO°C 1.17kglm3 -84 II
i
Carbon dioxide atO°C 1.90kglm3 -78
AiratO°C 1.29kglm3 -194
,,Propane at O°C 2.00 kglm3 -43
= ,
Shrinkage difference in volumeofthemould compared withthe
I
volumeofthe castingafter cooling, inpercent
Material Shrinkage Material Shrinkage
Greycastiron 1% Brass 1.5% I
Cast steel 2% Copper 1%
Malleable iron 1.6% Tin, lead 1% I
Brouce 1.5% Zinc alloys 1.5%
Gun metal 1.5% AI,Mg alloys 1.25%
Westennann Tables 3
System of Designation or Iron and Steel 18:1762-1961
18:4843-1968
Steel
- I I -
<0.5% Silicon >0.5%
Plaincarbonsteels I- <0.8% Manganese >0.8% H Alloysteels I
<0.1% AlorTi >0.1 %
-<0.25% orCopper >0.25-%
I I
Steels Steels
LowaUoysteels High alloysteels
notrequiredto requiredto
receive receive Carbon toolsteels <5%special >5% special
heattreatment heattreatment alloyingelement alloyingelement
The System ofDesignation isasfollows
1.Letter St I. Letter CforCarbon Letter TforTool steels I. Average Ccontent inhundredths ofapercent without
2.Minimum 2.Index number for Index number for Car- prefix Cand with prefix T forAlloy Tool Steels
tensile carbon following bon following letter T, 2.Chemical symbols ofthesignificant elements arranged
strength in letter C, denoting denoting average indescending order ofpercentage contents
kgf/mm' average Carbon Carbon content inhun- 3.Alloy Index indicating theaverage percentage ofeach
content inhundredths dredths ofapercent alloying element
ofapercent
e.g. SI.42 e.g. C35 e.g. T90 e.g. 15Cr 65 Chrome e.g. 20 Cr 18Ni 2Chrome
Steel having a Carbon steel Tool steel steel with average Nickel Steel with average
minimum ten- having an having an percentages ofC=0.15 percentages ofC=0.20;
sile strength of average of average of and Cr =0.65 Cr= 18andNi= 2.00
42 kgf/mm' 0.35% Carbon 0.90% Carbon
Applicable for Steels with special Toindicate.the treat- Alloy index number isassigned as follows:
steels which are limits formaximum ment given tothe Nominalor
standardized on S&P,receive the steel, symbols are averagealloy Alloyindexnumber
thebasis oftheir suffix "K", e.g. used, e.g. T90a,"a" content
tensile strength C35K isused to indicate an- i.UptoIpercent. Averagealloycontentupto2decimal
without detailed nealing (ref. Page placesunderlinedbyabar
chemical com- 4,Add. symbols) 2.Ipercentand Roundedtothenearestwholenumber.
position over. Upto0.5roundeddown,0.5andover
roundedup.
System of Designation ICastings I System ofDesignation
ofPlain Castings ofAlloy Castings
I. Symbols indicating thetype ofcastings I. Symbols indicating thetype ofcastings
2.Symbol formechanical properties 2.Average carbon content inhundredths of
OR apercent following the type symbols of
castings
I. Symbols indicating thetype ofcastings 3.Chemical symbols for thesignificant
2.Symbol forchemical composition similar elements arranged indescending order
tothe designation ofsteels 4.Alloy index number for theaverage
percentages ofalloying elements
CS-SteelCastings FG-GreyIronCastings SG-SphericalorNodular MalleableIronCastings
GraphiteIronCastings
CS125-Unalloyed steelcastingswith FG15-Grey ironcastingswith SG8012-Spheroidal orNodu- BM35-Black heartmalleable
minimumtensilestrength 125kgf/mm' minimumtensilestrength 15 largraphiteironcastingswith ironcastingswithminimum
CSM35-Unalloyed specialsteelcast- kgflmm' minimumTensilestrength80 tensilestrength35kgf/mm'
ingswithminimumtensilestrength FG35Si 15-Special greyiron kgf/mm' andminimumelongatio PM70--Pearlitic malleableiron
35kgflmm' castingswithminimumtotal 2%ongaugelengthequaltofive castingswithminimwntensile
OS50CrIV20--Alloy steelcastings carbon percentage =3.5 and timesthediameteroftestbar strength70kgf/mm'
withaveragepercentage averageSiliconpercentage WM42-White heartmalleable:
= = = =
ofC 0.50; Cr 1.00; V 2.20 1.50 ironcastingswithminiBrIIm
tensilestrength42kgfImm'
CSH-Heat resistantsteelcastings AFG-Austenitic flake ASG-Austenitic spheroidalor ABR-AbrasiOll resistantiron
CSC-Corrosion resistantsteelcastings graphiteironcastings nodUlargraphiteironcastings castings
Tensile strengths are on 30 nun Dia Test Bars as-cast.
4 Westermann Tables
Additional symbols
Denotingspecialproperties
Steelquality Treatmentgiven
A-Non-ageing quality R-Rimming quality a-Annealed orsoftened o-Spherodized
E-Stabilized againststresscorrosion Grmnsizecontrolled c-Case carburized p-Patented
L-Control cooledtoensurefreedomfromflakes H-Hardenability controlled .d-Hard drawn,coldreduced q-Hardened andtempered
D-Fully killed I-Inclusion controlled h-Hot-rolled s-Stress relieved
D,-Senti killed M-Structural homogeneity n-Normalized t-Tempered
guaranteedbyMacro-etchtest
e.g.,St42An-Non-ageing steelwith42kgf/mm' 15Cr3c-Chrontium steelwithaveragepercentages
= =
Ipinimum tensile strength-normalizedof C 0.15. Cr 3.0 and case carburized
E-Electric FurnaceSteel;R-Open HearthSteel;BO-Basic Oxygen
Grey iron castir1p IS:210-1970
Tranwerse test
Codefor Grades Tensilestrength Breakingload Correspondingtranwerse Deflection Typicalapplications
designation Min.kgflmm' Min.kgf rupturestresskgflmm' Min,mm
FG 15 15 15 800 34.0 4.0 Partsrequiringnospecialgmdesforgeneml
FG20 20 20 900 38.2 4.5 structuralpurposes
FG25 25 25 1000 42.4 Partssubjectedtoseverestrmnssuchas
FG30 30 30 lloo 46.7 55..50} cylinderparts,etc.
FG35 35 35 1350 57.3
}
FG40 40 40 1500 63.7 55..55 Forextraordinaryuse
IS:2108-1962
Malleable iron castir1p IS:2640-1964
IS:2107-1962
Codefor Grades Tensilestrength. 0.5%Proof Elongation%(gauge Brinell Phosphorous Typicalapplications
designation Min.kgflmm' stress.Min. length =3dia of hordness contact
kgflmm' testbar..)Min HBMax %Max
BM35 A 35 2-1 14 149 0.12 Thinwalledcastings;mass
BM30 C 30 6 163 0.20 productionpartswheels,
PM70 A 70 55 2 241to285 0.12 keys,Partsforlocksand
PM45 E 45 28 7 149to201 0.12 sewingmachineparts.
WM42 A 42 26 4 217 0.15
WM35 B 35 - 3 217 0.15
Steel castir1p IS:1030-1962
Codefor Grades Tensilestrength Elongation%ongauge S%Max P%Max Typicalapplications
designation Min,kgflmm' length5.65 .Min.
CS55 I 55 12 0.060 0.060 Usedforgeneralengineeringpurposesinsteadofgrey
CS47 2 47 17 0.060 0.060 ironcastingsifgreaterstrengthandtenacityare
CS41 3 41 18 0.060 0.060 tobemet.
CS65 I 65 17 0.050 0.050 Highstrength,goodtoughnessandhighabrasion
CS85 2 85 12 0.050 0.050 resistanceproperties;usedintransportation
CS 125 3 125 5 0.050 0.050 equipmentandagriculturalmachineryparts.
IS:3038-1965
Alloy steeI castir1p for high temperature service
IS:2856-1964
Grades Tensile Elongation% Yieldstress C% Si% Mn% S% P% Typicalapplication..
strength on5.56 gauge or0.5%proof Max Max
Min,kgflmm' length.Min stressMin.kgflmm'
I 55 17 35 0.20-0.25 0.1.40 1.25-1.45 0.050 0.050 Castpartswhich
2 47 17 25 0.25Max 0.20-0.50 0.50-1.00 0.050 0.050 preferablyareto
3 52 15 31 0.15Max 0.40Max 0.40-0.80 0.050 0.050 withstandtempemtures
4 49 17 28 0.20Max 0.60Max 0.50-0.80 0.050 0.050 between300°Cto
5 52 17 31 0.08-0.15 0.35Max 0.30-0.70 0.050 0.050 525°C
6 63 15 43 0.20Max 0.75Max 0.40-0.70 0.050 0.050
7 63 15 43 0.20Max 1.00Max 0.30-0.70 0.050 0.050
CSN-C20 42 20 21 0.25Max 0.60Max 0.70Max 0.050 0.050 Partswhichtobe
CS.-C25 49 18 25 0.30Max 0.60Max 1.00Max 0.050 0.050 fusionwelded
Westermann Tables 5
Specification on Structura1 and Heat treatable Steels
General structural steels IS:1977-1969;IS:2062-1969
IS: 226-1969' IS: 961-1962
Designation Tensile Yieldstrength Elongation% C% S% P%
ofsteel .rtrength for thicknesses Max Max Max Typicalapplications
kgflnun' upto20nun 20-40 mm o5n.6g5a"jfS;ole>nMgthin
St32-0 32-44 - - 26 - 0.07 0.07 Intendedforgeneralengineering
St42-O 42-54 26.0 - 23 - 0.07 0.07 purposes.
St42-5 42-54 26.0 24.0 23 0.25 0.055 0.055 Intendedforalltypesofstructuresweld-
ableuponcertainconditions.
St42-W 42-54 26.0 24.0 23 0.20 0.055 0.055 Canbesubjectedtofusionwelding.
St58-HT 58Min 36.0 35.0 20 0.27 0.055 0.055 Intendedforuseinstructureswhere
fabricationisdonebymethodsother
o
thanwelding.
St55-HTW 55Min 36.0 35.0 20 0.20 0.055 0.055 Intendedforuseinstructureswhere
weldingisemployedforfabricationand
whereguaranteedweldabilityisrequired.
Standard sizes ofbot-rolled products made ofgeneral structural
lS Number Product Page ISNumber Product Page
808 Beam,channelandanglesections 21 1732 Roundandsquarebars 19
1173 Teebars -22 1863 Bulbplates -
1252 Bulbangles 1864 Unequalangles 21
1730 Plates,sheetandstrip 20 3954 Channelsectionsforgeneralengineeringpurposes 22
1731 Flat. 20
,2
4 Case hardening IS:4432-1967
,2
Casehardened Temperalllresfor °C
Designation Ten.rilestrength Elongation Carburizing Softening Case Annealing Typicalapplications
ofsteel Minkgflmm' %Min hardening
CIO,CI4, 19S11 50 17 20 650-680 760-780 -
14MnlSH,IIMn2 60 17 900--930 650-680 760-780 800-920 Thesesteelsareusedforcompo-
15Cr 60 13 900--930 650-680 770--800 870-900 nentsrequiringhighwear
17Mn ICr 80 10 900--930 650-680 810-840 850-880 resistantsurfaces,coupledwith
20MnCr I 100 8 900--930 650-680 810--840 850-880 toughcorestoresistshockIClads
16Ni&!Cr!iQ 70 15 880-920 650-680 780-820 850-880 andstrengthtogivelonger
16Ni ICrJill 85 12 900--930 650-660 780--820 850-880 servicelife.
13Ni3Cr&! 85 12 900-930 620-650 760-780 860-880
.2 15Ni4Cr I 135 9 900--930 600-630 760-780 860-880
20Ni2Mo2.l 85 12 880-920 650-660 760-780 -
20 NilS. CQ!! Mo 2!l 90 II 880-920 650-660 780--820 -
15NiCr IMo.lZ 100 9 900--930 630-650 780-82() 860-880
15Ni2Cr IMol5. 110 9 900--930 630-650 780--820 860-880
16NiCr2 Mo2!l 135 9 900--930 630-650 800--820 850-880
Flame and induction hardening IS: 3930-1966
PropertiesinquenchedandtemperedcO/u/itiolls Hardenillgtemperature
Designation Tensilerange 0.2%proof Izodimpact Surface Foroil Forwater Typicalapplications
ofsteel kgflmm' stress,Min Min.kgfm hardness quench quench
i5
kgf/mm' obtainable
i4 HRC
C30 60to75 36 5.5 45-50 860--890 860-890 Thesewroughtunalloyedand
C45 70to85 44 3.5 55-61 830--860 820--850 alloyedsteelsforflameand
T70 70to85 40 2.8 60-63 810-840 78J--810 inductionhardeningareused
37Mn2 60to75 40 4.8 53-59 850-870 840-860 whenhigbcoldstrengthand
40Mn2S.lZ 70to85 46 4.8 53-59 850-870 840--860 goodinlpactpropertiesare
35Mn2Mo 80to95 56 5.5 53-59 840--860 830-850 requited.
50Cr I 80to95 48 2.8 57-62 850--870 840-860
50r:rIV2J. 80to95 48 2.8 57-62 850--870 840--860
4ONi3 80to95 56 5.5 54-60 830--860 840--870
40 Ni2 Cr I Mo 2a 90to 105 66 5.5 54-60 830--840 810-830
31Ni3CrMolS. 90to 105 66 5.5 49-54 850--880 820-840
6 WestermannTables
Steeb for hardening mIdtempering IS: 5517-1969
Propertiesinhartkned
andtemperedcondition
Designation Tensile Yield Normalizing Hardening Quenching Tempering Typical
ofsteel strength stressMin, temperatllre temperature medium temperature applications
kgflmm' kgJ/mm' .C .C .C
C30 60to75 40 860to890 860to890 Wateroroil 550to660 Thesewrought
C35Mn']j. 60to75 40 850to880 840to880 Wateroroil 530to760 unalloyedand
C40 60to75 38 830to860 830to860 Wateroroil 550to660 alloyedsteelsinthe
C45 60to75 38 830to860 830to860 Wateroroil 530to670 fonnofbilletsand
C50 80to95 54 810to840 810to840 Oil 550to660 barsforgeneral
C55Mn']j. 80to95 54 810to840 810to840 Oil 550to660 engineeringpurposes
4OS.l!i 70to85 48 830to860 830to860 Oil 550to660 areintendedtobe
40Mn2S12 60to75 40 840to870 840to870 Oil 550to660 usedinthehardened
20Mn2 60to75 44 860to900 860to900 Wateroroil 550to660 andtempered
27Mn2 70to85 46 840-to880 840to880 Wateroroil 550to660 condition
35Mn2Mo 100to 115 80 840to860 Oil 550to660
55CrZ!l 90to 105 66 800to850 800to850 Oil 5l'Oto700
40Cr I 80to95 60 850to880 850to880 Oil 550to700
40Cr 1MoZ!i 80to95 60 850to880 850to880 Oil 550to720
40CrAll Mo.l!i 90to 105 70 - 850to900 Oil 550to700
4ONi3 90to105 70 830to860 850to860 Oil 550to650
35Ni 1Cr!2!l 90to 105 70 - 820to850 Wateroroil 550to660
30Ni4Cr I 120to135 DO - 810to830 Airoroil >250
-
40Ni2Cr 1MoZ!i 120to 135 130 830to850 Oil 550to660
31Ni3Cr65Mol5. 120to135 10 - 830to850 Oil upto660
40Ni3Cr65 0
Mol5. 120to135 130 830to850 830to850 Oil upto660
Cold roIledcarbon steel sheets
S: 513-1963
Tensile strength C% Mn% S% P% Forall types Typicalapplications
Types (for design Max Max Max Max Delivery Surface
purpose only) condition finish
kgf/mm2
0: Ordinary 28 0.15 - 0.060 0.060 (l) Scale-free Coare Course orroughfor
D:Drawing 28 0.12 0.50 0.050 0.050 or rough enamelling and
lacquering
DD:Deep 28 0.10 0.50 0.040 0.040 (2) Improved Medium Medium ordullfor
drawing surface ordull general purposes(not
suitableforplating)
EDO: Extra 28 0.10 0.50 0.035 0.035 (3) Best Fine or Fine orbrightfor
deep drawing surface bright electroplating
«
Note: Sheetconformingto thisstandard areofweldable quality andare suitableboth for fusionandspotwelding.
Hot roUedcarbon steel sheet and strip
1079-1968
Tensile Yield Elongation C% Mn% S% P% Delivery Typical
Grade strength stress %Min Max Max Max Max condition applications
kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2
0-1079 - - - - - 0.060 0.060 Hot-rolled Used forcold
0-1079 - - -- 0.12 0.50 0.050 0.050 Annealed formed structural
-
00-1079 27-40 23 0.10 0.50 0.040 0.040 Normalized members andfor
EOO-1079 27-39 - 25 0.10 0.50 0.035 0.035 and other general
St 34-1079 34-42 21.0 25 0.15 - 0.050 0.050 Oescaled engineering
St 42-1079 42-50 24.0 22 0.25 - 0.050 0.050 purposes
St 50-1079 50-60 30.0 20 0.30 - 0.050 0.050
5t 52-10'19 52-62 36.0 20 0.22 - 0.050 0.050