Way too little: - FOE Emerging Technology Project - Friends of the

40 Pages·2014·1.26 MB·English

Running head
Way too little:
OUR GOVERNMENT’S FAILURE TO REGULATE
NANOMATERIALS IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
May 2014
1
Contents
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................4
Introduction .......................................................................................................................6
1. What is nanotechnology? .....................................................................................7
2. Current trends in food and agriculture ...........................................................8
3. The use of nanotechnology in foods and food processing ................10
4. The use of nanotechnology in food packaging .......................................12
5. Nanotechnology in agriculture ........................................................................ 14
6. On the Horizon? ..................................................................................................... 16
7. Nanofoods and nano agrochemicals pose new health risks .............17
8. Environmental risks ............................................................................................ 21
9. Research needs ..................................................................................................... 23
10. Australian Federal Regulatory Framework ............................................... 24
11.Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 25
APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................... 26
2
Acknowledgements
This report was written and edited by Jeremy Tager and
Louise Sales from Friends of the Earth Australia and Dr Rye
Senjen from the National Toxics Network. The report includes
content from the BUND update of Friends of the Earth’s
2008 Report “Out of the laboratory and onto our plates:
Nanotechnology in Food and Agriculture” translated from the
German by Dr Senjen.
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Way too little
Executive Summary
In the six years since our 2008 report Out of the is partially due to the rapid expansion in the number
Laboratory and onto our Plates: Nanotechnology in of products since 2008 and partially because there is
Food and Agriculture, the use of nanotechnology and still no labelling or registration requirement that would
nanomaterials across the entire food chain continues allow the public to know what nano products they
to increase. There are more products, more processes are consuming.
and an accelerating rate of commercialisation.
As this report makes clear, the pace of peer reviewed
Nanomaterials are being used in a diverse range science examining the environmental, health and safety
of products including food additives, supplements, issues associated with nanotechnology lags far behind
packaging, sensors and coatings; sprays, and vitamins the commercialisation. Even basic data, methodologies
for livestock; pesticides and anti-microbial storage and reference materials are often lacking, making
facilities. (cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:402)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:16)(cid:3)
There is little understanding of exposure pathways for
In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in nanomaterials and little work has been done to assess
the number of nano products available and produced potential long-term environmental and health impacts.
in Australia. Australian companies are now producing
products such as nano coatings, nano sprays, nano Even so, since 2008 there has been a growing body of
polymers, liquid nano glass and nano capsules. evidence indicating that certain nanomaterials may be
harmful.
In Australia, there are virtually no restrictions on
the import of nanomaterials or products containing For example, there is growing evidence that two of
nanomaterials and nano products can be purchased the most widely used nanomaterials used in the food
easily from overseas. Everything from dishwashers that sector — nano-silver and nano titanium dioxide — may
release nano-silver to nano baby bottles, cutlery and be harmful to human health.
cutting boards can be imported.
At the same time, the public has not been kept
It is essentially impossible to give an accurate count well engaged or informed, either on the potential
of the number of nano products now available. This environmental, health and safety issues associated
4
Executive Summary
with nanomaterials, or regarding the numerous (APVMA) are not exercising the necessary level
products that now contain them. of diligence.
Little seems to have been learned from the ongoing It is past time for regulators to intervene in this market
attempts by the biotech sector to shove genetically that currently has so few controls and so many
(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:402)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:81)(cid:89)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:84)(cid:81)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:3) concerns. If we continue with business as usual,
public. The absence of public support, evidence of Australians will be exposed to even greater and totally
safety and regulatory oversight is once again being unnecessary risks.
seen as an opportunity by industry to occupy a market
by stealth. While Friends of the Earth Australia (FoEA) makes a
number of recommendations in this report in relation to
Regulatory intervention remains minimal. Australian the nanotech industry, there are three basic and critical
regulators still don’t even have an agreed nanomaterial steps that need to occur immediately:
(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:73)(cid:87)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:77)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:3)
(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:402)(cid:69)(cid:87)(cid:78)(cid:86)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:35)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:73)(cid:87)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3) 1. A moratorium on the production and sale of new
hands-off attitude to regulation, preferring instead to products containing nanomaterials until necessary
keep a watching brief over an industry over which they research is conducted and regulations to protect
have less and less control. human health and the environment are put in place;
This report reveals that the claim by regulators 2. A mandatory and public register of nanomaterials
that no food and agricultural products containing and products containing nanomaterials in Australia;
nanomaterials are available in Australia is incorrect
and that chemical companies are not declaring the 3. A labelling requirement for all products containing
nanomaterials they are using. It is clear that our food nanomaterials as recommended by the Federal
regulator Food Standards Australia New Zealand Government’s review of Australia’s food labelling
(FSANZ) and our agricultural chemicals regulator the laws.1
Australian Pesticide and Veterinary Medicines Authority
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Introduction
This report will examine the changes since our • failure of regulators to respond to the growing
2008 report including the development of new evidence of risks;
food, food contact and agricultural products. It will
review the current literature relating to the potential • lack of basic knowledge that is critical in order to
environmental, health and safety impacts associated fully analyse the particular environmental, health
with nanotechnology and summarise the Australian and safety issues associated with nanotechnology.
regulatory responses to date.
Six years ago, inaction was based on a perceived lack
This updated report uncovers the: of data. Inaction is still the norm but that is no longer
an excuse our Government can use. Scientists and
• accelerating rate of commercialisation and rapidly (cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:75)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:402)(cid:69)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:55)(cid:53)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:52)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:3)
increasing number of commercial products Council have given us more than enough evidence to
containing nanomaterials in the food and justify a pro-active regulatory regime and a properly
agricultural sectors; funded R&D program that will effectively target those
areas of greatest environmental and health concern.
• lack of information regarding which nanomaterials
have been released and the likely exposure of Unfortunately, our Federal Government seems unwilling
humans and natural systems to these materials; to provide the levels of funding required for such
work or to adopt appropriate regulation. The notion of
• lack of basic steps to allow us to track precaution has been replaced with an attitude that it
nanomaterials that have been released, such as is the obligation of industry to determine whether their
labelling and a register of products containing products are safe and regulators will only act when
nanomaterials; harm is shown. While France, Belgium and Denmark are
implementing a mandatory register for nanomaterials
• growing gap between the pace of and the EU’s is in the process of implementing a nano
commercialisation and environmental, health and food labelling regime, Australian consumers remain in
safety assessments; the dark.
• increasingly large body of peer reviewed evidence This needs to change.
that certain nanomaterials may cause harm to
human health or the environment;
6
1.What is nanotechnology?
1. What is nanotechnology?
The term ‘nanotechnology’ encompasses a range of In Australia, only one regulator, the National Industrial
technologies that operate at the scale of the building (cid:37)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:75)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:402)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:35)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:48)(cid:43)(cid:37)(cid:48)(cid:35)(cid:53)(cid:3)
blocks of biological and manufactured materials – the – our industrial chemicals regulator), has developed
(cid:359)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:360)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:57)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:81)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:91)(cid:3) (cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:91)(cid:16)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:359)(cid:89)(cid:81)(cid:84)(cid:77)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:360)(cid:3)
relate to a size of between 1-100 nm, there is concern (cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)6:
that some particles larger than 100 nm exhibit
behaviour similar to nanoparticles, such as very high “…industrial materials intentionally produced,
reactivity, bioactivity and bioavailability.2 manufactured or engineered to have unique properties or
(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:871)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:93)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)
Nanomaterials have such diverse properties and typically between 1 nm and 100 nm, and is either a nano-
behaviours that it is impossible to provide a generic (cid:82)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:76)(cid:17)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:871)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:90)(cid:82)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)
assessment of their health and environmental at the nanoscale) or is nanostructured (i.e. having an
risks.3 Properties other than size that influence internal or surface structure at the nanoscale)”
toxicity include chemical composition, shape, surface
structure, surface charge, behaviour, extent of particle (cid:54)(cid:74)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)
aggregation (clumping) or disaggregation, and the by other Australian regulators. Already there has
presence or absence of other chemicals attached to been a case of a regulator refusing to enforce the
the nanomaterial.4 For this reason even nanomaterials law prohibiting misleading conduct in trade because
of the same chemical composition which have different (cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:3)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:73)(cid:75)(cid:85)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:73)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)
sizes or shapes can have vastly different toxicity.5 nanotechnology.7
Six years ago, inaction was based on
a perceived lack of data. Inaction is
still the norm but that is no longer an
excuse our Government can use.
7
Way too little
2. Current trends in food
and agriculture
Nanotechnology has broad existing commercial agricultural products available in Australia that contain
applications in the food and agriculture sectors, nanomaterials and Figure 1 lists some common foods
including food processing, supplements and packaging, which may contain nanomaterials.
food contact materials, food monitoring, agricultural
chemicals, animal care products and the transport and Figure 1: Food product types that may include
storage of agricultural goods. nanomaterials
• The lack of any labelling or registration requirement • Cream cheese
means that information on the presence of • Cookies
nanomaterials in food, food contact materials and • Doughnuts
agricultural production is limited. It also means • Coffee creamer
there is no reliable estimate of the number of • Chocolate syrup
nano products now on the market in the food and • Chocolate
agriculture sectors. • Pudding
• Mayonnaise
• Determining which products contain nanomaterials • Mints
is further hampered by the behaviour of companies • Chewing gum
themselves. In some sectors, fear of market • Popcorn
rejection means that companies have removed • Salad dressing
their nano claims, whilst still potentially using • Oils
nano-ingredients. Meanwhile other sectors such • Yoghurt
as supplements and agrichemicals actively market • Breakfast cereal
products as ‘nano’ when it is not always clear that • Lollies
they are. • Crackers
• Pasta
In 2013, the French Government released an initial • Sports drinks and other beverages
assessment of nanomaterial use in France, based
on data provided by industry for France’s mandatory Uncertainty regarding the number and nature of
nanotechnology register. This revealed the use of over products containing nanomaterials not only highlights
500,000 tons of nanomaterials and 3400 different the need for reliable information but raises immediate
nanomaterial based products in France alone in 2012.8 concerns regarding the capacity and interest of
regulators in ensuring that human and environmental
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars health are protected.
2013 inventory of nano products lists 200 food and
beverage products containing nanomaterials, up from
126 in 2010.9
It now appears likely that these estimates are too
conservative.
In 2013, the French Government
FoEA estimates there are now hundreds of food released an initial assessment of
products and food contact products available and nanomaterial use in France, based
produced in Australia. We base this estimate on
on data provided by industry for
the following sources: company claims; foods or
(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:67)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:84)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:70)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:402)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:84)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:75)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:3) France’s mandatory nanotechnology
as containing nanomaterials, which are sold here;
register. This revealed the use of over
patents or trademarks held in Australia for the use
of nanomaterials in food or food contact materials; 500,000 tons of nanomaterials and
the operation in Australia of companies holding
3400 different nanomaterial based
(cid:35)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:84)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:82)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:402)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:91)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:80)(cid:73)(cid:3)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)
products in France alone in 2012
products. Appendix 1 details just some of the food and
8
2. Current trends in food and agriculture
The number of products containing nanomateriaIs will • BASA
continue to expand rapidly • Cadbury Schweppes
Both the Food and Agriculture Organization of • Campbell Soup
the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health • Dupon Food Industry Solutions
Organization (WHO) assume that food will increasingly • General Mills
be produced using nanotechnology.10 Economists • Glaxo-SmithKline
estimate that by 2015, 40% of all businesses in the • Goodman Fielder
food industry will be working with nanotechnology, with • Group Danone
the Asian markets leading, followed by the USA.11 • John Lust Group Plc
• H.J. Heinz
Many of the world’s largest food companies, including • Hershey Foods
Heinz, Nestlé, Unilever and Kraft, are exploring • La Doria
nanotechnology for food processing and packaging, • Maruha
as detailed in Figure 2.12 Many of the world’s largest • McCain Foods
agrochemical and seed companies also have active • Mars
nanotechnology research and development programs. • Nestlé
• Northern Food
Figure 2: A sample of transnational food companies engaged • Nicherei
in nanotechnology research and development 13; 14; 15 • Nippon Suisan Kaisha
• PepsiCo
• Altria (Kraft Foods) • Sarah Lee
• Associated British Foods • Unilever
• Ajinomoto • United Foods
9
Way too little
3. The use of nanotechnology in
foods and food processing
Processing aids and food additives Carotenoids of up to 200 nm are used as colourants
Probably the most commonly used nanoscale or antioxidants in drinks or food.20 The Allied Biotech
processing aids are ‘trickle and flow’ aids. Europe GmbH from Taiwan offers carotenoids as
Nanomaterials such as synthetic amorphous silica colourants under the name Altratene beta-carotene.21
(SAS - E551) are added to foods that are in powder BASF also sells LycoVit – an antioxidant containing
form, e.g. salt, vegetable powder, whey powder, nano lycopene.22
egg powder, creamer, instant drink powder (coffee
powder), seasoning blends (chilli, garlic powder etc.), Functional Foods
powdered sugar and soup powder.16 SAS is also The food industry has invested heavily in products
used as an anticaking agent, thickener and carrier of that they claim will bring consumers nutritional
flavours and consumers are exposed to it on a daily (cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:402)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:69)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:91)(cid:81)(cid:73)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:67)(cid:84)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:81)(cid:3)
basis.17 Examples of commercially available nanosilica strengthen the immune system, improve digestion,
intended for use in food include Evonik’s Aerosil 200F or lower cholesterol. Dairy products, cereals, bread
and Aerosil 380F.18 and drinks are mixed with vitamins and minerals like
iron, magnesium or zinc, and enriched with probiotic
Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many substances, bioactive peptides, antioxidants and soy.
food products and is used to bleach and brighten Some of these substances are added to foods as
confectionery, cheese and sauces. A 2012 study nanoparticles. The world market for functional food in
looking at food grade titanium dioxide (E171) 2005 was approximately US$73.5 billion.23 The market
calculated that approximately 36% of the particles is growing at 4% per year, much faster than for ‘normal’
were nanoparticles.19 The study found titanium dioxide foods. Between 2003 and 2010, the market for these
in a wide range of foods including doughnuts, lollies, products has more than doubled.24
chewing gum and chocolate. The titanium dioxide
content was as high as 100 mg per serving for Some examples of nano functional foods that are
powdered doughnuts. Testing undertaken by Friends of already on the market, include yoghurt and drinks
the Earth US in 2013 also found nano titanium dioxide containing nanocolloidal platinum or gold that are
on fresh pear, capsicum and apple samples. marketed as ‘anti-aging’ foods,25 and a Canola Active Oil
10