Waihou Journeys: The Archaeology of 400 years of Maori Settlement

209 Pages·2001·9.06 MB·English

by  Caroline Phillips

Waihou Journeys
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Waihou Journeys
The Archaeology of 400 Years of Maori Settlement
C A R O L I NE P H I L L I PS
AUCKLAND
UNIVERSITY
PRESS
First published 2 000
Reprinted 2004
Auckland University Press
University of Auckland
Private Bag 92019
Auckland
New Zealand
http://www.auckland.ac.nz/aup
© Caroline Phillips, 2000
ISBN i 86940 222 7
The publishers gratefully acknowledge assistance from
the Green Foundation for Polynesian Research.
This book is copyright. Apart from fair dealing for the purpose of
private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the
Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without
prior permission of the publisher.
Printed by Publishing Press Ltd, Auckland
Nga puke ki Hauraki ka tarehua
E mihi ana ki te whenua
E tangi ana ki te tangata
Ko Moehau ki waho
Ko Te Aroha ki roto
Mai Matakana ki Matakana
Koinei te kupenga mai o Hauraki
Hauraki pepeha
The hills of Hauraki
Stand enshrouded by stars
I greet the land
I cry for the people
Moehau mountain to the coast
Te Aroha mountain inland
From Matakana to Matakana
This is the net of Hauraki
Hauraki saying
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Contents
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix
FOREWORD by Dame Professor Anne Salmond xi
PREFACE xii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
CHAPTER i: INTRODUCTION 1
Previous Waihou Research
This Research
CHAPTER 2: THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE 11
Geology
Soils
Climate
Natural Plant and Animal Life
The River
Environmental Changes — Pre-Contact Maori
Environmental Changes — European
Discussion
Summary
CHAPTER 3: SITE LOCATION 35
Archaeological Surveys
Site Analysis
Summary
CHAPTER 4: MAORI HISTORICAL RECORDS 51
Land Court Records
Discussion
Summary
CHAPTER 5: EUROPEAN RECORDS 80
Detailed Accounts
Discussion
Summary
CHAPTER 6: EXCAVATED SITES 105
The Sites
Discussion
Summary
CHAPTER 7: HISTORICAL NARRATIVE AND CRITICAL ISSUES 159
Waihou Historical Narrative
The Issues Revisited
Conclusion
APPENDICES
Appendix i: Binomials of Biota Referred to in Text 171
Appendix 2: List of Flatland Sites Examined 173
Appendix 3: Dates 174
NOTES 176
GLOSSARY 181
REFERENCES 183
INDEX 190
List of Illustrations
Cover: J. Merrett, Opita on the Thames 1848. 4.4 Number of sites by type
4.5 Numbers of pa and kainga in occupation
CHAPTER i 4.6 Movements of individuals and hapu
Stranger's house, Houraki pah 4.7 Focal areas attributed to principal ancestors
1.1 Location of places and sites 4.8 Genealogical table
1.2 Map of Polynesia 4.9 Focal areas claimed by principal claimants
1.3 Distinctive Archaic and Classic Maori artefacts 4.10 Changing economic practices
1.4 Phases of occupation in the Hauraki Plains 4.11 Combined list of pa and kainga
1.5 Artefacts from excavated swamp pa 4.12 Classes of pa
1.6 Possible prototypes for Classic Maori culture 4.13 Comparison of settlement concentrations
4.14 Combined distribution of all settlements
CHAPTER 2
Exploring party crossing a swamp Coloured and black and white plates
2.1 Geomorphology of the Hauraki Plains
2.2 Geology of the eastern Hauraki Plains CHAPTER 5
2.3 Soils of the eastern Hauraki Plains Mr Thorpes, Waiho
2.4 Climate of the eastern Hauraki Plains 5.1 European visitors and residents
2.5 Contours of the eastern Hauraki Plains 5.2 Locations mentioned in text
2.6 Vegetation prior to human settlement 5.3 Cook's map, 1769
2.7 Weight and seasonality of fish 5.4 Wilson's map 1801
2.8 Movements of the Waihou River 5.5 Downie's map 1820
2.9 Environmental factors affecting settlement 5.6 Land blocks and settlements c.i840
2.10 Vegetation map c.i88o 5.7 Cultivation of various crops
2.11 Modern vegetation and landform 5.8 Lower Waihou River in the 18408
2.12 Sample profiles of flood protection work 5.9 Introduction of European crops and goods
2.13 Changing environment along the Waihou River 5.10 Locations visited by Europeans
5.11 Named Maori encountered by Europeans
CHAPTER 3 5.12 Population size estimates
Opita on the Thames
3.1 Location of archaeological surveys CHAPTER 6
3.2 Recorded sites Mission station — Puriri
3.3 Distance between flatland sites and site units 6.1 Location of sites
3.4 Table of rearranged sites 6.2 Location of sites at the Kirikiri Stream
3.5 Size of undefended flatland site units 6.3 Plan and contour map of Whetukura pa
3.6 Total area of flat land within sites 6.4 Cross-section of Whetukura pa
3.7 Reclassification of flatland sites 6.5 List of artefacts from northern sites
3.8 Flatland pa, Orongo 6.6 Plan and contour map of Hurumoimoi pa
3.9 Settlement concentrations 6.7 Location of sites at the Matatoki Stream
3.10 Complex undefended settlement at Kupata 6.8 Development of Oruarangi pa
3.11 Defended hill food store, above Puriri 6.9 Cross-section of Oruarangi pa
6.10 Contour map of Oruarangi pa
CHAPTER 4 6.11 Plan and cross-section of Paterangi pa
Eel fishers near Opita 6.12 Location of sites along the Puriri Stream
4.1 Location of studied Maori land blocks 6.13 Plan and section of Puriri site 91
4.2 Location of natural resources and cultivations 6.14 Location of sites at the Hikutaia Stream
4.3 Settlements along the lower Waihou 6.15 Plan of Te Kari pa
IX