Vol 1

333 Pages·2021·6.66 MB·English

Encyclopedia of
africaN HISTORY and CULTURE

Encyclopedia of
african history

and culture

Volume I

ancient africa

(Prehistory to 500 CE)

Willie F. Page, Editor

Revised edition by R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Editor

A Learning Source Book

Encyclopedia of African History and Culture,

Copyright © 2005, 2001 by The Learning Source, Ltd.

A Learning Source Book
Editorial: Brian Ableman, Edward C. Haggerty, Bertram Knight,
Christopher Roberts, Bodine Schwerin (revised edition),
Ismail Soyugenc (revised edition), Anthony Yearwood
Consultant: Emilyn Brown

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti-
ties for businesses, associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our
Special Sales Department in New York at [phone] or [phone].

You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at
http://www.factsonfile.com
Design: Joan Toro, Joseph Mauro III
Illustrations: Pam Faessler
Maps: Sholto Ainslie, Dale Williams
Printed in the United States of America

VB PKG 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Page, Willie F., 1929–
Encyclopedia of African history and culture / edited by Willie F. Page; revised edition edited by R. Hunt
Davis, Jr.—Rev. ed.
p. cm.
“A Learning Source Book.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5199-2 ((set ISBN) hardcover)
ISBN 0-8160-5269-7 (vol. I)–ISBN 0-8160-5270-0 (vol. II)–
ISBN 0-8160-5271-9 (vol. III)–ISBN 0-8160-5200-X (vol. IV)–
ISBN 0-8160-5201-8 (vol. V) –ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 (e-book)

1. Africa—Encyclopedias. I. Davis, R. Hunt. II. Title.
DT3.P27 2005
960'.03-—dc22
2004022929

For my wife, Grace,
and my sons, Ed and Chris

Editor of First Edition

Willie F. Page is professor emeritus (retired) of Africana studies at Brooklyn
College, in Brooklyn, New York. He is the author of numerous reviews and
journal articles. His published works include The Dutch Triangle: The
Netherlands and the Atlantic Slave Trade 1621–1664.

General Editor of Revised Edition

R. Hunt Davis, Jr., Ph.D., is professor emeritus of history and African studies
at the University of Florida. He received a Ph.D. in African studies from the
University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr. Davis is an expert on the history of
South Africa, African agricultural history, and the history of education in
Africa. His published works include Mandela, Tambo, and the African National
Congress (1991) and Apartheid Unravels (1991), along with numerous articles
and book chapters. He served as director at the University of Florida Center
for African Studies and is also a past editor of the African Studies Review.

Contributing Editors of Revised Edition

Agnes Ngoma Leslie, Ph.D., outreach director, Center for African Studies,
University of Florida

Dianne White Oyler, Ph.D., associate professor of history, Fayetteville State
University

CONTRIBUTORS

List of Entries
xii

Preface
xxix

How to Use This Encyclopedia
xxx

List of Images and Maps in This Volume
xxxii

Introduction to This Volume
xxxiv

Time Line (Prehistory–541 CE)
xxxvi

Entries A–Z
1

Glossary
267

Suggested Readings for Ancient Africa
271

Index for This Volume
275

Contents

xii

A

Aba
II
Aba Women’s Revolt
IV
Abacha, Sani
V
Abba Libanos
II
Abbas, Ferhat
IV
Abdallahi ibn
Muhammad
IV
Abd Alla ibn Yasin
II
Abd al-Mansur
III
Abd al-Mumin
II
Abd el-Krim,
Mohamed ben
IV
Abdikassim Salad Hassan V
Abdullahi Burja
II
Abdullahi Yussuf Ahmed V
Abeokuta
III, IV
Abidjan
III, IV, V
Abiola, Mashood
V
Abo
III
Abomey
III
Aborigines’ Rights
Protection Society
IV
Abu al-Hasan Ali
II
Abu Bakr
II
Abu Hamed
I
Abuja
V
Abuja Accords
V
Abu Salih (I)
II
Abu Salih (II)
II
Abusir, pyramids of
I
Abu Yaqub Yusuf
II
Abydos
I
Abyssinia
I
acacia gum
I
Accra
II, III, IV, V
Achebe, Chinua
IV, V
Acheulean Age
I
Acheulean toolkit
I
Achimota College
IV

Acholi
II, III
Action Front for Renewal
and Development
V
Adal
II, III
Adamawa
III
Adansi
III
Addis Ababa
IV, V
Ade, King Sunny
V
Aden, Gulf of
II
Adowa, Battle of
IV
Adulis
I, II
Afar
I, II, III
Afar Depression
I
al-Afghani,
Jamal al-Din
IV
Afonso I
III
Africa
I
African Democratic
Assembly
IV
African diaspora
IV
African National
Congress
IV, V
African Party for the
Independence of
Guinea and
Cape Verde
V
African studies
V
African Union
V
Afrikaans
III, IV, V
Afrikaner Republics
IV
Afrikaners
IV, V
Afro-Asiatic languages
I
afterlife
I
Afro-Shirazi Party
V
Agades
III
Agaja
III
Agaw
I, II
Agbor
I, II
age grades
I
Age of Discovery
II
Age of Metals
I

age sets
I
Aggrey, James E.
Kwegyir
IV
agricultural revolution
I
agriculture
I, II, III,
IV, V
Ahidjo, Ahmadou
V
Ahmad Grañ
III
Ahmadu Séku
IV
Ahmose I
I
Ahmosid /Thutmosid
lines
I
Aideed, Mohamed F.
V
Aidoo, Ama Ata
V
Aïr Massif
II, III
Aja
II, III
Akan
I, II, III, IV
Akan gold weights
I
Akhenaten
I
Akhetaten
I
Akil, Chief
II
akofena
II
Akosombo Dam
V
Aksum
I, II
Akure
II
Akwamu
III
Akyem
II, III
alafin
II
Alexander the Great
I
Alexandria
I, IV
Algeria
I, II, III,
IV, V
Algiers
III, IV, V
Algiers, Battle of
IV
Ali, Duse Muhammad
IV
Ali, Sunni
II
Allada
II, III
Alliance for Patriotic
Reorientation and
Construction
V
Alliance High School
IV

List of Entries

List of Entries
xiii

Almohads
II
Almoravids
II
alphabets and scripts
I
Alur
II
Alvares, Francisco
III
Alwa
II
Amanitare
I
Amarna period
I
Amda Siyon
II
Amenhotep I
I
Amenhotep II
I
Amenhotep III
I
Amenirdis I
I
Amhara
I, III, IV
Amhara National
Democratic Movement V
Amharic
I, II
Amin, Idi
V
Amina, Queen
III
Amnesty International
and Africa
V
Amratian culture
I
amulets
I
Amun
I
Amyrtaeus
I
Anansi
I
ancestor worship
I
ancestry
I
al- Andalus
II
Andrianampoinimerina
III
Anglo-American
Corporation
IV
Anglo-Ashanti Wars
IV
Anglo-Boer War
IV
Anglo-Egyptian
Condominium
IV
Anglo-Zulu War
IV
Angola
I, II, III,
IV, V
Anjouan
V
Ankaratra range
I
Anlamani
I
Anlo
III
Annan, Kofi
V
Ansa Sasraku
III
Antalaotra
III
Antananarivo
V
Antankarana
III
Antemoro
III
anthropology and Africa IV, V
ants
I
apartheid
IV, V
Apedemak
I
Aqaba, Gulf of
I
Arab coastal trade
I, II

Arabic
I, II
Arab-Israeli Wars
IV, V
Arabs
II
Arabs, influence of
II
Arab world
and Africa
V
archaeology
I, II, III,
IV, V
architecture
I, II, III,
IV, V
Arguin trading fort
II
Ark of the
Covenant
I
Armah, Ayi Kwei
V
armies, colonial
IV
Arochukwu oracle
II, III
Arsinoe I
I
Arsinoe II
I
Arsinoe III
I
art
I, II, III,
IV, V
Arusha Declaration
V
Asaba
III
Asantewa, Yaa
IV
Asclepius
I
Ashanti
II
Ashanti Empire
III, IV
Asian communities
IV, V
asiento
III
Askia dynasty
III
Asmara
II, III, V
Aspelta
I
Assoumani, Azali
V
Assyrian
I
astronomy
I
Aswan
I
Aswan Dam
IV, V
Atbara River
I
Aten
I
Atlantic Charter
IV
Atlas Mountains
I
atmospheric change,
impact of
V
Audaghost
II
Augila
II
Australopithecus
I
aware
I
Awolowo, Obafemi
IV, V
Awoonor, Kofi
V
Ay
I
Ayawaso
III
Azande
III
Azemmour
III
al-Azhar
II
Azikiwe, Nnamdi
IV, V

B

ba
I
Ba, Amadou Hampate
IV, V
Ba, Mariama
V
baaskap
IV
babalawo
II
Babangida, Ibrahim
V
Baba, Shaikh Sidiyya
IV
baboons
I
Back-to-Africa
movements
IV
Badarian culture
I
Bagamoyo
IV
Bagauda
II
Baggara
II
Bagirmi
III
Bahriya Oasis
I
Bakele
III
Baker, Samuel
IV
al-Bakri
II
Balewa, Abubakar
Tafawa
IV, V
Bali
II
Bamako
II, III, IV, V
Bamana
I
Bambara
II, III
Bambatha’s rebellion
IV
banana
II
Banda
II, III
Banda, Hastings
Kamuzu
IV, V
bands and segmentary
society
I
Bandung Afro-Asian
Conference
IV
Bangui
IV, V
Banjul
II, III, V
Bankole-Bright, H. C.
IV
Bantu Education
V
Bantu expansion
I, II
Bantu languages
I
Bantustans
V
Banu Marin
II
baobab tree
I
Bara
III
Barbary Coast
I, III
Barbot, Jean
III
Barghash, ibn Said
IV
Bariba
II
Bariba metallurgy
II
bark fiber
II
Barmandana
II
Barnard, Christiaan
V
Barotseland
IV

xiv
List of Entries

Barre, Mohammed Siad
V
Barth, Heinrich
IV
al-Bashir, Omar
Hasan Ahmad
V
basket making
I
Basutoland
IV
Batammaliba building
traditions
III
Batn el-Hajjar
I
Baule
III
Baya
IV
Bayi, Filbert
V
beads
I
beads and jewelry
II
Beatrix, Doña
III
Bebey, Francis
V
Bechuanaland
IV
bees
I
Begho
III
Behdet
I
Beira
III
Beja
I, II
Belgian Congo
IV
Belgium and Africa
IV
Bello, Ahmadu
IV, V
Bemba
III
Benadir Coast
III
Ben Bella, Ahmed
IV, V
Benguela
III
Benin, Bight of
III
Benin City
III, IV, V
Benin Kingdom of
II, III, IV
Benin, Republic of
I, II, III,
IV, V
Benue-Congo
I
Benue River
I, II
Berbera
III
Berbers
I, II, III, IV, V
Berlin Conference
IV
Beta Israel
I, II, III,
IV, V
Beti, Mongo
V
Betsileo
I, III
Betsimisaraka
II, III
Biafra
V
Bigo
II
Bijago
III
Bikila, Abebe
V
Biko, Steve
V
Bilad al-Sudan
II
biodiversity
V
Biram
II
Birnin Kebbi
III
Bisa trading network
III
Bismarck, Otto von
IV

Bissau
II, III, V
Bito
II, III
Biya, Paul
V
Black Consciousness
Movement
V
Black Sash
V
blacksmiths
I
Blaize, Richard Beale
IV
Blue Nile
I
Blyden, Edward Wilmot
IV
Bobo
II
body adornment
I
Boers
III, IV
Boesak, Allan
V
Bokassa, Jean-Bedel
V
Bondelswarts
IV
Bondu
III
Bongo, Omar
V
Bonny
II, III
Bono
II, III
Book of the Dead
I
book publishing
V
Boran Oromo
I
Border Cave
I
Borgu
III
Borkou
II
Bornu
II
Bosman, Willem
III
Botha, Louis
IV
Botha, P. W.
V
Botswana
I, II, III,
IV, V
Boumedienne, Houari
V
Bourguiba, Habib
IV, V
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz
V
Brass
II
Brava
III
Brazzaville
IV, V
bride-wealth
I
Brink, Andre
V
British East Africa
IV
British Somaliland
IV
British South Africa
Company
IV
Broederbond
IV, V
Brong
II
bronze
II
Bronze Age
I
Buduma
III
Buganda
II, III,
IV, V
Bugangaizi
II
Bujumbura
V
Bulala
II, III
Bullom
III

Bunche, Ralph
IV
Bunyoro
III, IV
Bunyoro-Kitara
II
Burkina Faso
I, II, III,
IV, V
Burton, Richard
IV
Buruli
III
Burundi
I, II, III,
IV, V
Busa
III
Busaidi
III, IV
Bushmen
I, II
Bushongo
III
Busia, Kofi
IV, V
Busoga
III
Buthelezi, Mangosuthu
Gatsha
V
Buto
I
Butua
III
Buyoya, Pierre
V
Byzantine Africa
I, II

C

Cabinda
III, V
Cabral, Amílcar
IV, V
Cacheu
III
Cacheu River
I
Caesar, Gaius Julius
I
Caesar, Octavian
I
Cahora Bassa Dam
V
Cairo
I, II, III,
IV, V
calabash
I
calendar
I
Camara Laye
IV, V
Cambyses II
I
camels
I
Cameroon
I, II, III,
IV, V
Cameroon grassfields
I
Cameroon People’s
Democratic Movement V
Canary Islands
I
cape buffalo
I
Cape Coast
III, IV
Cape Colony
III, IV
Cape Coloured People
IV
Cape Frontier Wars
III
Cape of Good Hope
II
Cape Town
III, IV, V
Cape Verde Islands
IV
Cape Verde, Republic of
I, II, III,
IV, V