Table Of ContentINTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
Vowels as in Diphthongs Consonants Consonant Cognates
/i/ “see /aɪ/ “ice” /p/ “put” /b/ “bad”
/ɪ/ “bit” /aU/ “house” /t/ “take” /d/ “day”
/e/ “make” /ɔɪ/ “boy” /k/ “cake” /g/ “gun”
/ɛ/ “met” /ju/ “you” /tʃ/ “chain” /ʤ/ “joint”
/æ/ “cat” /ɪu/ “new” /f/ “fun” /v/ “vine”
/a/ “half” /θ/ “thing” /ð/ “them”
/ɝ/ “her” /h/ “hop”
/ɚ/ “after” /ʍ/ “while”
/ɜ/ “bird” /s/ “save” /z/ “zoo”
/ʌ/ “cut” /ʃ/ “shape” /ʒ/ “treasure”
/ə/ “about” /l/ “leg”
/u/ “true” /r/ “red”
/U/ “put” /w/ “way”
/o/ “go” /j/ “yet”
/ɔ/ “law” /m/ “mitt”
/ɒ/ “walnut” /n/ “no”
/ɑ/ “father” /ŋ/ “ring”
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V
oice and
A
rticulation
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F I F T H E D I T I O N
V
oice and
A
rticulation
Kenneth C. Crannell, sr.
Emerson College
Professor Emeritus and Crannell Consulting
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Voice and Articulation, Fifth Edition © 2012, 2000, 1997 Wadsworth Cengage Learning
Kenneth C. Crannell, Sr., Professor Emeritus
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Speech is a mirror of the soul:
As a man* speaks, so is he.
—PUBLILIUS SYRUS, Maxim MLXXIII
*also a woman!
—KCC, MCMXCIX
Dedication to
“Pop-Pop” and “Ma” “Ed” and “Louise”
“Jack” and Bill Ed III and Judy
and “Doris Iora”
Patricia
Chuck and Martha Tracy and Paul
Allison and Elizabeth
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Contents
Preface ix
I Voice
1
3 The Voice 34
1 Motivation and Expectation 3
Structure of the Larynx 35
Habit and Nature 4
Sound Production 39
Communication Apprehension 6
Listening 8
Prepare . . . Prepare . . . Prepare 8 4 Vocal Relaxation 43
Stages of Development 8
Open Throat 44
Vocal and Verbal Recidivism 10
Exercises for Overly Open Throat 46
Visualization 11
Exercises for Nasal Resonance 48
Negative Practice 11
Projection 52
Appropriateness 12
Exercises for Projection 53
Exercises for the Record 12
Pitch 57
Exercises for Optimum Pitch 59
2 Breathing 18
Types of Breathing 19 5 Common Voice Problems 61
The Anatomy of Respiration 19
Velar Problems 61
Making Use of a Natural Process 21
Exercises for Eliminating Denasality 65
The Pathway of Breath 22
Assimilation Nasality 66
Visualizing Respiration 23
Exercises for Eliminating Excessive
Diaphragmatic Breathing for Speech 25
Assimilation Nasality 67
Exercises for Diaphragmatic Breathing
Excessive Vocal Tension 70
and Control 25
Exercises for Eliminating Glottal Shock
Exercises for Breath Control 27
or Glottal Stop 71
Breathiness 30
Exercises for Glottal Shock 72
Exercises for Breathiness 31
Exercises for Eliminating Vocal Fry 73
II Speech
81
6 The Production of Vowels 83 Central Vowels 98
Sense Stimuli 84 /ɝ/, Exercises 99
Articulation 84 /ɚ/, Exercises 100
Vowels 85 /ɜ/, Exercises 103
Front Vowels 88 /ʌ/, Exercises 103
/i/, Exercises 88 /ə/, Exercises 105
/i/, Exercises 90 Back Vowels 109
/e/, Exercises 91 /u/, Exercises 109
/ɛ/, Exercises 93 /u/, Exercises 110
/æ/, Exercises 95 /o/, Exercises 112
Review of Front Vowels 96 /ɔ/, Exercises 113
/a/, Exercises 97
vi
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CONTENTS vii
/ɒ/, Exercises 115 Omission of /t/ and /d/, Exercises 189
/ɑ/, Exercises 116 Substitution of /d/ for /t/, Exercises 190
Diphthongs 118 Omission of /d/, Exercises 191
/ai/, Exercises 119 Explosion and Implosion, 191
/au/, Exercises 122 Exercises 192
/ɔɪ/, Exercises 123 /nd/ and /md/ Clusters, Exercises 195
/ju/, Exercises 124 /ts/ and /dz/ Clusters, Exercises 196
/iu/, Exercises 125 /sts/ Clusters, Exercises 196
/ei/ and /ou/, Exercises for Vowels and /θs/ and / ðz/ Clusters, Exercises 197
Diphthongs 127 Omission of /l/, Exercises 199
Substitution of /ŋ/ for /n/, Exercises 200
Substitution of /m ̪ / for /nf/ and /nv/,
7 The Production of Consonants 131
Exercises 201
Consonant Classifi cations 131 Dentalization of /p/ and /b/, Exercises 201
Plosives 134 Syllable Omission and Addition 202
/p/ and /b/, Exercises for /p/ and /b/ 134 Anaptyxis 203
/t/ and /d/, Exercises for /t/ and /d/ 136 Exercises 203
/k/ and /g/, Exercises for /k/ and /g/ 138 The Sneezing Error 204
/ʧ and /ʤ/, Exercises for / ʧ / Exercises 205
and /ʤ/ 141 Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs 206
Exercises 141 Exercises 207
Fricatives 143 Metathesis and Haplology 209
/f/ and /v/, Exercises for /f/ and /v/ 143 Exercises for Metathesis 209
/θ/ and /ð/, Exercises for / θ / Exercises for Haplology 209
and /ð/ 145 Foreign Words 211
/h/, Exercises for /h/ 146 Frequently Mispronounced Words (1) 213
/ʍ/ or /hw/, Exercises for /ʍ/ 149 Frequently Mispronounced Words (2) 214
Fricative Sibilants 151 Tough Words to Pronounce 214
/s/ and /z/, Exercises for /s/ and /z/ 151 Exercises for Transcription 214
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/, Exercises for /ʃ/
and /ʒ/ 153
Lateral 155 9 Vocal Dynamics 229
/l/, Exercises for /l/ 155 Stress 230
Semivowels 158 Exercises for Stress 231
/r/, Exercises for /r/ 159 Slide 234
/w/, Exercises for /w/ 162 Exercises for the Slide 237
/j/, Exercises for /j/ 163 Pace or Tempo 234
Nasals 164 Exercises for Tempo 242
/m/, Exercises for /m/ 164 Pause 246
/n/, Exercises for /n/ 167 Exercises for Pause 247
/ŋ/, Exercises for /ŋ / 169 Exercises for Emphasis 250
Syllabic Consonants 173 Exercises for Vocal Dynamics 251
Exercises for General Articulation 173
Tongue Twisters 177
10 Kinesics 262
Three-Point Analyses of English Sounds 180
Gesture 263
The “When You Say It Don’t Do It”
8 Pronunciation 184 Principle 264
Stress 185 Exercises for Gesture 264
Restressing 186 Countenance 266
Assimilation 188 Exercises for Homophenous
Exercises 188 Sounds 268
Exercises for Additional Homophenous Words
and Sentences 269
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