Violence: the enduring problem

645 Pages·2017·16.329 MB·English

by  Alvarez, Alex, Bachman, Ronet

Violence
Third Edition
2
To my Mother Marianne Alvarez, nee Graber; I never knew how strong you were until you were gone.
 Alexander
To my son John Phillip Bachman-Paternoster; I hope your generation has a less violent and more tolerant world.
 Ronet Bachman
3
Violence
The Enduring Problem
Third Edition
Alex Alvarez
Northern Arizona University
Ronet Bachman
University of Delaware
4
FOR INFORMATION:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: [email protected]
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Copyright © 2017 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Alvarez, Alex, author. | Bachman, Ronet, author.
Title: Violence : the enduring problem / Alex Alvarez, Northern Arizona University, Ronet Bachman, University of Delaware.
Description: Third edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE, [2017] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016028886 | ISBN 9781506349060 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Violence—United States. | Violent crimes—United States. | Violence. | Aggressiveness. | Genocide.
Classification: LCC HN90.V5 A58 2017 | DDC 303.60973–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016028886
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Acquisitions Editor: Jerry Westby
eLearning Editor: Laura Kirkhuff
5
Production Editor: Libby Larson
Copy Editor: Cate Huisman
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Dennis W. Webb
Indexer: Rick Hurd
Cover Designer: Alexa Turner
Marketing Manager: Christina Fohl
6
Brief Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. As American as Apple Pie
2. Explaining Violence
3. Aiding and Abetting Violence
4. Assault and Murder: A Continuum of Violence
5. Violence in the Home
6. Rape and Sexual Assault
7. Stranger Danger and Violence in the Streets
8. Crowd Violence
9. Terrorism
10. Genocide
11. Toward Violence Prevention
Endnotes
Glossary
Index
About the Authors
7
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. As American as Apple Pie
Connecting Violence
The Spillover Effect
Defining Violence
The Context of Violence
Measuring Violence
Reports to Law Enforcement Officials
Victimization Surveys
Measuring Offending Behavior
Violence and US Society
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
2. Explaining Violence
Ethological and Biological Explanations of Violence
Serotonin
Testosterone
Brain Injuries
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
Stress and Violence
Sociological Explanations of Violence
Economic Deprivation
Strain Theories
Cultural Adaptations
Social Learning Theory
Social Learning, Media, and Violence
The Cycle of Violence
Self-Control and Violence
Informal Social Control
Explaining Collective Violence
Deindividuation
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
8
3. Aiding and Abetting Violence
Guns and Violence
Guns, Culture, and Violence
What Are We Doing About Guns?
Gun Control Legislation
Alcohol
Illicit Drugs
What Are We Doing About Alcohol and Drugs?
The Media and Violence
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
4. Assault and Murder: A Continuum of Violence
Defining Assault and Homicide
Homicide
Estimates of Assault
When Assaults Become Lethal—Homicide
Violent Interactions
Multicide
Mass Murder
Mass Murder in the Workplace
Mass Murder at School
Serial Murder
Characteristics of Serial Murderers
Spree Murder
What Are We Doing About Murder?
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
5. Violence in the Home
Intimate Partner Violence
How Many Victims of Intimate Partner Violence Are There?
The National Crime Victimization Survey
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence
Power and Dominance
Poverty
Alcohol Use
What Are We Doing About IPV?
Mandatory Arrest
9
Unintended Consequences of Mandatory Arrest Policies
Civil Protection Orders
Coordinated Community Responses to Domestic Violence
Violence in Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender (LGBT) Relationships
Stalking
What Are We Doing About Stalking?
Child Abuse
Risk Factors for Physical Child Abuse
What Are We Doing About Physical Child Abuse?
Elder Abuse
Risk Factors for Elder Abuse
What Are We Doing About Elder Abuse?
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
6. Rape and Sexual Assault
How Many Rape and Sexual Assault Victims Are There?
Demographic Factors Related to Victimization From the NISVS
Rape and Sexual Molestation of Children
Rape on College Campuses
In Focus 6.1 Arizona State Student Receives Civil Settlement for Rape
Rape In Prison
In Focus 6.2 Rape in Prison
Rape and the US Military
Genocide and Rape
In Focus 6.3 The Story of Maria—A Survivor of Rape and Genocide
Factors Related to Rape
Power and Dominance
What Are We Doing About Rape?
Conclusions
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
7. Stranger Danger and Violence in the Streets
Robbery
Why Do They Do It?
Robbery in Action
Female Robbery Offenders
What Are We Doing About Robbery?
Bank Robbery
Workplace Violence
10