Villa Antoniadis, Alexandria, Egypt

31 Pages·2017·17.57 MB·English

heritage
Article
Implementing Sustainability in Retrofitting
Heritage Buildings. Case Study: Villa Antoniadis,
Alexandria, Egypt
AhmedM.R.Khalil*,NaglaaY.HammoudaandKhaledF.El-Deeb
DepartmentofArchitecture,FacultyofFineArts,UniversityofAlexandria,Alexandria21411,Egypt;
[email protected](N.Y.H.);[email protected](K.F.E.-D.)
* Correspondence:[email protected];Tel.:[phone]
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:1)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:1)
(cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)
Received:30March2018;Accepted:19May2018;Published:22May2018
Abstract: Sustainable design is believed to stand on the opposite side of heritage conservation.
Thisviewissupportedbythefactthatsustainabledesignrequiresinvasivemeasurestoimplement
newtechnologiesandtreatmentsthatchallengetheprincipleofminimuminterventioninheritage
conservation. Another point of view sees heritage conservation as an already act of sustainable
developmentthatprotectsandpreservessocialandculturalresourcessuchasheritagebuildings
and their intangible values. On the other hand, research and practice have proven that heritage
buildingscanbethesubjectsofsustainabledesignprojectsthatachieveoutstandingmeasuresof
sustainabilityandenergyefficiencywhilenotcompromisingtheauthenticityoftheheritagevalueof
thebuilding. Thissustainableconservationreachesitspeakinadaptive-reuseprojectsofheritage
buildingsasreusingthebuildingguaranteesitsongoingmaintenanceandpromotesitssocial,cultural
andeconomicvaluestosociety,whilegivingittheabilitytowithstandmodernusers’comfortand
energyefficiencystandards. Thisresearchpresentsacasestudyoftheadaptive-reuseprojectofVilla
AntoniadisinAlexandria;aheritagebuildingbuiltinthemid-nineteenthcenturyandintheprocess
ofamajoradaptive-reuseproject. Thehistoryandsignificanceofthebuildingwillbestudiedas
wellastheconservationvaluesofthecurrentproject, thensomeproposalsforinterventionsthat
couldachievemoreenergyefficiencyfortheprojectwhileconservingthebuildingarediscussed.
Theresearchincludedasimulationofthebuilding,usingbuildingenergymodellingsoftwareforthe
currentadaptive-reuseprojectasabasecase,andthehypotheticalapplicationofdifferentproposed
sustainable interventions such as thermal insulation, double glazing, shading, lighting control,
naturalventilation,andphotovoltaicenergygeneration,wheretheenergysavingspotentialsforeach
proposedinterventionwerestudied. Thesimulationprovedapossiblereductionof36.5%inthe
cooling,heatingandlightingenergyconsumptionaswellasgenerated74.7%oftheenergyrequired
forcooling,heatingandlightingfromrenewableenergysources.
Keywords: retrofit; heritage; conservation; adaptive-reuse; energy efficiency; sustainability;
simulation;VillaAntoniadis;Alexandria;Egypt
1. Introduction
1.1. SustainabilityandConservation
Existing buildings are responsible for 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption
and24%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissions[1]. Therefore,itisimportanttoconsiderthepotential
sustainablemanagementoftheexistingbuildingstockthroughenergyretrofittingprojects.
Withinthestockofexistingbuildingsarebuildingsthathavebeenidentifiedbytheircommunities
asbeingheritagebuildings. Theyhavesomedegreeofsignificanceduetotheirhistoric,culturalor
Heritage2018,1,57–87;doi:10.3390/heritage1010006 www.mdpi.com/journal/heritage
Heritage2018,1 58
socialvaluesandareconsideredas“heritage”. Thisbuiltheritageneedstobeprotectedandconserved
forfuturegenerationsasapartoftheidentityandculturalassetsofsociety. Thelevelofprotection
variesaccordingtotheimportanceandsignificanceofthebuilding[2]. Thisprotectionlevelmustbe
respectedinanyattemptedrenovationorreuseofthehistoricbuilding. This,inreturn,eliminates—to
someextent—theabilityforalterationsinfunction,designandtechnologies,andaffectstheability
toimplementsustainablesolutionsinsuchbuildingsdependingonthelevelofconservationneeded
andtherestrictionofalterationrespected. Thequestionthatariseshereis;cansustainableretrofitting
andheritageconservationworktogether? Infact, itisadelicatebalancebetweenhumancomfort,
cost-effectiveenergytechnologies,andheritagepreservationthatneedstobeachieved[3].
Heritagebuildingsenjoytheadvantagesofembodiedenergyandduetotheirage,theyhave
oftenbeenbuiltwithsuperiorcraftsmanshipandmaterialsthatsupportalongphysicallife. Theyhave
oftenbeenwelldesignedintermsofpassiveheating,lightingandventilation,andareofteningood
locations[4]. However,sustainabilityhasnotonlyanenvironmentaldimension,butalsosocialand
economicaspects. Theenergyperformanceofahistoricbuildingisnotsufficienttocoverallthree
dimensionsofsustainability. Historicbuildingsdeliverseveralservicestosocietyandareconsidered
as a resource that is part of the urban ecosystem that cannot be separated from the man-made or
naturalcontextinwhichtheytakeplace[5].
The process of heritage building preservation is by definition the ultimate in sustainable
developmentasitisdrivenbythegoaltopreserveanassetsothatitcanbeenjoyedbybothpresentand
futuregenerations. AccordingtoUNESCO(TheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultural
Organisation),“heritageisourlegacyfromthepast,whatwelivewithtoday,andwhatwepassonto
futuregenerations”[6]. Therefore,heritageisperceivedasaculturalresourcethatmustbeperceived
inthesamewayasothernon-renewableresources. Itisbuiltontheethosofstewardshipandseeksto
extendtheusefullifeofbuildingsasmuchasfeasiblypossibleincludingrecyclingthemforalternative
useswhennecessary.Inadditiontothesustainablebenefitsattributabletoexistingbuildingsingeneral,
ithasadditionalsocialandeconomicbenefits;inasocialsense,heritagebuildingscreateasenseof
placeandhelpeducateandprovidesocialcohesionandidentity. Thus,theybuildandmaintain“social
capital”[4]. Inaneconomicsense,heritagebuildingscanprovideadditionaleconomicbenefitstoa
communitybypromotingheritagetourismaswellasgoodmanagementofalreadyexistingresources.
Conservationisaprocessinvolvingtherestorationofbuiltheritagealongwiththeculturalprocesses,
whichisfundamentalforsustainabledevelopment[7].
Infact,sustainableretrofittingwhenundertakenincollaborationwithconservationofahistoric
building has more significance due to the saving of cultural and social characteristics linked to
the society’s history and identity as well as the increase in the energy efficiency of the building,
which maximizes the gain for society and the environment. In fact, renovation and conservation
principlescanalsobeinscribedonsustainabilitytheorytotheextentthatcontributestothereuseofa
buildingoranurbanareabykeepingbothculturalandmaterialheritage[8]. Buildingconservation
andenergyefficiencyarebothkeyaspectsofsustainability[9].
Manynewlygreentechnologiescanbeimbeddedinheritagebuildingsinunobtrusiveorinvisible
ways. Furthermore,theadaptive-reusefornewinteriorsofotherwisehistoricshellsopensthedoor
for the application of an entire range of sustainable materials in any layer of construction. This is
anareawherethepreservationandGreencommunities’interestsclearlyoverlap. Conservationand
sustainabilitysharethesamegenerativebasics. Thefirstandbasicconceptofsustainabilityistouse
whatalreadyexists. Similarly,thebasicconceptofconservationistoprotectwhatwealreadyhave.
From a conceptual point of view, there is neither conflict nor contradiction between conservation
andsustainability[6]. Heritageconservationisconcernedwithpassingonculturalvaluesexpressed
throughheritagetofuturegenerations. Itcanbesaidthattheprinciplesofheritageconservationand
managementhavealwaysbeencentraltosustainabledevelopment. Thismeansmanagingheritage
assetstoensurethattheycanbeenjoyedbyall,includingfuturegenerations,whichmeansputting
sustainabilityintopractice[10].
Heritage2018,1 59
Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 31
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baultieldreidng( Fisig aultreer1e)d. (Figure 1).

FFiigguurree 11.. TThhee ddeeggrreeeess ooff iinntteerrvveennttiioonn aanndd ssuussttaaiinnaabbiilliittyy [[99]]..
However, this is true only in consideration of factors related to sustainable values related to the
However,thisistrueonlyinconsiderationoffactorsrelatedtosustainablevaluesrelatedtothe
heritage building itself such as embodied energy, cultural, and historic values. In order to achieve
heritagebuildingitselfsuchasembodiedenergy,cultural,andhistoricvalues. Inordertoachieve
optimum sustainability, we need to incorporate more sustainable treatments such as resources and
optimumsustainability,weneedtoincorporatemoresustainabletreatmentssuchasresourcesand
energy efficiency techniques and even renewable energy technologies to improve the environmental
energyefficiencytechniquesandevenrenewableenergytechnologiestoimprovetheenvironmental
and economic sustainability of a building. Social sustainability can also be improved by enabling the
andeconomicsustainabilityofabuilding. Socialsustainabilitycanalsobeimprovedbyenablingthe
building to perform its function in accordance to modern standards and technology.
buildingtoperformitsfunctioninaccordancetomodernstandardsandtechnology.
These intervention techniques can only be performed in the reuse process as in more
Theseinterventiontechniquescanonlybeperformedinthereuseprocessasinmoreconservative
conservative conservation intervention strategies (prevention of deterioration, preservation,
conservation intervention strategies (prevention of deterioration, preservation, consolidation and
consolidation and restoration), invasive additions or alteration to the fabric of the building are not
restoration),invasiveadditionsoralterationtothefabricofthebuildingarenotallowed. Furthermore,
allowed. Furthermore, the later conservation intervention strategies (reproduction and
thelaterconservationinterventionstrategies(reproductionandreconstruction)dealessentiallywith
reconstruction) deal essentially with the historic and symbolic values of the building (as the building
thehistoricandsymbolicvaluesofthebuilding(asthebuildingisalreadypartiallyortotallylost),
is already partially or totally lost), and not necessarily its functional value. So, the reuse strategy is
andnotnecessarilyitsfunctionalvalue. So,thereusestrategyismostsuitabletointroducesustainable
most suitable to introduce sustainable interventions and allows the building to meet current green
interventionsandallowsthebuildingtomeetcurrentgreenarchitecturestandards(Figure2).
architecture standards (Figure 2).
Heritage2018,1 60
Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 31

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This improved degree of sustainability may also require necessary invasive interventions,
This improved degree of sustainability may also require necessary invasive interventions,
particularly with mandated upgrades. The challenge is to rigorously debate whether such
particularlywithmandatedupgrades. Thechallengeistorigorouslydebatewhethersuchintervention
intervention is warranted and if it is the most appropriate way of doing so. As Kooles pointed out,
iswarrantedandifitisthemostappropriatewayofdoingso. AsKoolespointedout,thepreservation
the preservation community should continue to research and highlight best practices on how to
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metthhaond r.eFpolarceinxga mthpemle, arletofugrebthisehr iwngithe xcihsetianpg rteipmlabceermwenint dwoiwndsomwasy [4b]e. moreexpensivethanreplacing
themalTtohgee rtheqeuriwreimthencht etaop croenpfloarcmem aedndtitwioinnadl opwlasn[n4i]n.g constraints may add to the cost and time
invTohlveerdeq iuni rgermeeennitntgo aco hnefroirtamgea dbduiitlidoinnagl panladn, niinn gsocmones ctriraciunmtssmtaanyceasd, datno athpeplciocasttiaonnd toti mgreeiennv othlve ed
ingbrueieldniinngg maihgehrti tbaeg edbeculiilndeidn galatnogde,tihnesro. mTheisc imrciugmhts tbaen fcoers ,aaensthapetpicli craetaisoonntso sgurcehe nast hineabpupirlodpinrigatmeliyg ht
sited solar panels or for technical reasons. For example, in some circumstances, adding insulation to
bedeclinedaltogether. Thismightbeforaestheticreasonssuchasinappropriatelysitedsolarpanels
old buildings can cause problems where it prevents the building from breathing in the way it was
orfortechnicalreasons. Forexample,insomecircumstances,addinginsulationtooldbuildingscan
designed.
causeproblemswhereitpreventsthebuildingfrombreathinginthewayitwasdesigned.
Heritage preservationists promote conservation. Their relationship with the green building
Heritage preservationists promote conservation. Their relationship with the green building
movement has sometimes been one of conflict, when clearly, they should be allies. There will be
movement has sometimes been one of conflict, when clearly, they should be allies. There will be
specific occasions where there will be conflicting approaches to achieving sustainable development,
specificoccasionswheretherewillbeconflictingapproachestoachievingsustainabledevelopment,
but this should not prevent both parties from exploring and developing synergies between the two
butthisshouldnotpreventbothpartiesfromexploringanddevelopingsynergiesbetweenthetwo
movements [4].
movements[4].
1.3. Examples of Sustainable Conservation of Heritage Buildings
1.3. ExamplesofSustainableConservationofHeritageBuildings
A typical example is demonstrated by the refurbishment of the 140-year-old Renewable Energy
Atypicalexampleisdemonstratedbytherefurbishmentofthe140-year-oldRenewableEnergy
House (REH) in Brussels (Figure 3). The House was refurbished to minimize energy consumption
House(REH)inBrussels(Figure3). TheHousewasrefurbishedtominimizeenergyconsumption
and to explore different methods for integrating renewable energy technologies, making it a 100%
andrentoewexapblleo reenedrigffye breuniltdminegt. hTohdes cofonrceinptt ewgaras tdinegsigrnenede wtoa rbeldeuecnee trhgey atnencuhanlo elnoegrigeys ,cmonaskuimngptiitona f1o0r0 %
renheewatainbgle, veennetrilgaytiobnu ailnddin agir. cTonhdeitcioonncinegp tbyw 5a0s%d weshiegnn ecodmtoparreeddu tcoe a trheefearennncue ablueilndeirnggy, acnodn tsou cmovpetrio n
forahlle tahtein nge,evdesn tfiolra thioenatianngd aanidr ccoonodliintgio nbyin g10b0y%5 r0e%newwhaebnle ceonmerpgayr esdoutorcaesr e(bfeioremnacses bwuoiloddin pge,lalentds, to
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geoa tsheerriems aolf heenaetrignyg e,fsfiocliaernctyh etermchanlohloegaiteisn (gin,saunldatiaobns oofr pthtieo fnaçcaodoelsi nagn)d. rTohofe, hbiugihldlyi negffiwcieanste dqouuibplpe ed
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to the benefit of increasing the comfort for its tenants [11].
measuresimplementedcontributedtoreducingtheenergyconsumptionofthebuildinginadditionto
thebenefitofincreasingthecomfortforitstenants[11].
Heritage2018,1 61
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Figure 3. The Renewable Energy House, Brussels, before and after refurbishment [11].
Figure3.TheRenewableEnergyHouse,Brussels,beforeandafterrefurbishment[11].
Another example of the sustainable conservation of a heritage building is The Gerding Theater
at the Portland National Guard Armory Annex in Portland, OR, USA (Figure 4). The building was
AnotherexampleofthesustainableconservationofaheritagebuildingisTheGerdingTheaterat
built in 1891 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. After adaptive-reuse
thePortlandNationalGuardArmoryAnn exinPortland,OR,USA(Figure4). Th ebuildingwasbuilt
in 2006, it became the First Building on the National Register of Historic Places to achieve LEED
in1891andwaslistedontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesin2000. Afteradaptive-reusein2006,
(LeadershipF iingu Eren e3r. gTyh ea Rnedn Eewnvabirleo nEmneerngyta Hl Douessei,g Bnr,u isss tehlse, bgerfeoerne abnudi ladftinerg r reafutirnbigs hsmysetnetm [1 d1]e. veloped by
itbecamtheet hUeniFteirds SttBatueisl dGirneegno BnuitlhdeinNg aCtoiounncaill)R Pelagtiinstuemr ostfaHtuiss [t1o2r]i.c TPhlea pcreosjetcot iancchluiedvede aL E60E0D-se(aLt emaadiner shipin
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built Ainll 1o89f 1t haen dh wistaosr ilcis twedin odno wthse Nwaetrieo nraetl aRinegedis tteor othf eHiri stoorrigici nPalal cceosn idn i2ti0o0n0 .a Anfdt eirn acdoarppotirvaet-erde uasne
a200-seatstudiostagetheatre,administrativeoffices,costumespace,rehearsalspace,gallery,cafe,
aind v2a0n0c6e, dit gblaezcainmge s ythstee mFi rwsth Bicuhi lmdianxgim oinz etsh ed aNy altiigohntainl gR weghiisltee rm oinf iHmiisztionrgic w Pilnatceers h teoa ta lcohsise,v seu mLEmEeDr
andalandscapedsilverparkalongthenorthedgeofthebuilding[13].
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turnofflightsandsaveenergywhennooneisoccupyingthespaceasarelightingsensors,whichturn
rhoeoaft sguarifna,c aen tdo raeidr uincfei ltthraet piorno j[e1c4t’]s. cFoonrttyri-btwutoio snk ytoli gthhet su wrbearne haedadte-ids,l a1n7d o eff tfhecetm. T ohpee HraVbAleC f o(rH neaattuinrga,l
downthelightswhenthesunisbrightenoughtoprovideamplelighting. Thishashelpedtoconserve
Vveennttiillaattiioonn, &w hAicirh C aollnodwisti o25n%in go)f sthyest eenmti rine cbluudildedin agc ttoiv bee c dhailyle-ldit b. Oeacmcusp (alonccayl iszeends oHrVs aArCe ussyesdte imn )m, tohset
30%oftmshpaeaicnlei gss thtaotg itenu fgrenae tonuffre elrisgg ahyntst ah aiarn tdfla oswasvi cmea evinliateyrr gubynu wdielhdre isnne nagtoiw nogno erui silsed rosoc carundpdiny dianirsgit rltyihbeuu tssipoeanc[ 1ev 5ean]s. tasr ue nlidgehrt ienvge rsye nostohresr,
Susswteahaitin;c hain bt ultehrned dreoeshwigenan rtshmael elaiagnshdut sra wedsmhoeinnf ittshhtreea stpuivrneo ijsoe fbcfrticiigenhsc,t lteuhnedo eumdgohtd htuoel pairrn ofsvltoiadolrelia natmgio pwnleao sl ifgraahitsnienedgw .f Trhohmiigs hhtha-ese mhleeivlspeseli’dvs ityroof
surfacetftooou rcenoddnausetciroevnet h t3oe0 %aplr looofwj et hcuten’ sldicgeohr-ntfilntorgoib re unateiirro gfnlyo ttwoh atathn aed s uwimrobiralkanrs pbhaueciaeldt -siipnseglac winfidocu evlfedfn eotcsrt.d .TiTnhaher eiHlHyV uVAsAeC C[ s1y5(s]H.t eemat rinedgu,cVeedn tilation
the pSruojsetcati’ns aebnlee rdgeys uigsne mfoer amsuercehsa nofic tahl es ypsrtoejmecst binyc 4lu0d%e dth tahne ai nbsutailldlaintigo no fo fit sa snizeew w hoiguhld-e nmoirsmsivaliltyy
&AirConditioning)systemincludedactivechilledbeams(localizedHVACsystem), themainstage
croonofs usumrefa [c1e6 t]o. reduce the project’s contribution to the urban heat-island effect. The HVAC (Heating,
features an air flow cavity under seating risers and distribution vents under every other seat; in the
VentAiladtdiointi o&n aAlliyr ,C thoen dwiatitoenr isnygs)t esmysst ewme rien cdleusdigende adc ttiov ree cdhuilclee dth bee aammosu (nlotc oafl iwzeadte Hr tVhAe bCu siyldsitnemg t)a, kthees
rehearsafmlroaamnind tshtaead gcmeit yfien’sai tsputorrteaastb iavlene waoiarftf feilcro erwse, scotahuverictmyes uo wndhduiellrea rsaelfsalooti onrergdi nruigsceinwrsga atshnrdea adimsiesotdruibnfruto tomifo wnt havteeenrlt eistv upenul’dtsse frbo aeucvnke driyna ttooit ohthneert oallow
under-flssoeeowarte; arii nsr yftshltoeew mre.a hAne adrraswianlow aranktdsepr -aahdcamervisnepsisetitcnriagfti icsvyevs etoenfmftisc w.esTh, hitchehe Hc moVlloAedcCutsl asayrn sdftl oefoimlrteinrresg d awull acosef d rthatiehs eredapi nfrrwoojmaetce ttrh’ sfere olnmeve erthgl’esy usefor
mechanrficooauolfn sdinya stait o1en2m ,0tso0 0ba-lygloa4wll0o %unn utdhnedar-nefrlgoaroboru uaniilrdd fcilnoiswgte orannf drite swdsuoicrzekedsp wtahocee up slrdpoejneccioftirsc’m vtoaetnlaltlys d. ceTomhneas nHudmV fAoerC[ p1 so6yt]sa.tbelme wreadteurc bedy
Ad8tdh8ie%t ip oarnnojdael clrtye’s,d tuehnceeedrwg tyah teue sqreu sfayonrst timteyme cohsf awsntoiecrramel sdwyesatsteiemgr nse enbdtye rt4io0n%gre ttdhhuea ncme au tnbhiueciilpadaminl ogse uownf etirtso s fsyiwszteea mwte obruytl hd2 e6n%bor umwilhadlelinyn gtakes
ccoomnspuamreed [ 1w6i]t. h a conventional system [12].
fromthecity’spotablewaterresourceswhilealsoreducingtheamountofwateritputsbackintothe
Additionally, the water systems were designed to reduce the amount of water the building takes
sewersystem. Arainwater-harvestingsystemwhichcollectsandfiltersalloftherainwaterfromthe
from the city’s potable water resources while also reducing the amount of water it puts back into the
roofinase1w2e,0r 0sy0s-tgeamll. oAn ruainnwdeartegrr-hoaurnvedstcinisgt esyrnstermed wuhciecdh ctohlelecptrso ajnedc tfsil’tetorst aalll doef mthea nradinfwoartpero ftraobml ethwe aterby
88% androoref dinu ac 1e2d,0t0h0-egaqluloann utnitdyerogfrosutondrm ciswterant ererdeuncteedr tihneg ptrhojeecmts’u tnotiacli pdeamlasnedw feorr psyotsatbelme wbayter2 b6y% when
compare88d%w ainthd arecdouncevde nthteio qnuaalnstiytys toefm sto[1rm2] .water entering the municipal sewer system by 26% when
compared with a conventional system [12].

Figure 4. Northeast view of the Armory before and after renovation [12].

Figure 4. Northeast view of the Armory before and after renovation [12].
Figure4.NortheastviewoftheArmorybeforeandafterrenovation[12].
Heritage2018,1 62
1.4. ObjectiveoftheWork
Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 31
The practice of sustainable design in Egypt is still in its infancy due to the lack of legislation
1.4. Objective of the Work
toenforceenergyefficiencystandardsandthefactthatveryfewbuildingownersandarchitectural
Heritage 2018, 2, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 31
practitionersThaer eprianctteicree sotfe sdusitnaignarebelen dinesgigtnh einE Eggyypptt iias nstielxl iinst iitns ginbfauniclyd idnuge stoto thcke ,laleckt aolfo lengeistlhateiosnu tsot ainable
conserv1ean.t4fi.oo Orncbejoe ceftnhiveeer groiyft taehgfef eiWcbioeurnkic lyd isntagnsd.ards and the fact that very few building owners and architectural
practitioners are interested in greening the Egyptian existing building stock, let alone the sustainable
Acurrentprojectofadaptive-reuseoftheVillaAntoniadisinAlexandriawasselectedforthis
conseTrhvea tpioranc otifc he eorfi tsaugset abiunialbdlien gdse.s ign in Egypt is still in its infancy due to the lack of legislation to
researchentfoorcset uedneyrghyy epffoictiheentciyc astlaandpaprldics aatniod nthoe ffascot mtheat svuesrtya fienwa bbiuliitlydinmg eoawsnuerress atnod tahrcehiptercotjuercatl and to
A current project of adaptive-reuse of the Villa Antoniadis in Alexandria was selected for this
determiprneresaectathirtceihof neteoar sss itaburiedl iyitn ytheyorpefsogtterhdee etininc aginlr egaepntphinleigca Etthgioeyn Ep gotyifa psntoiambnue e ixsltuisshttieanirgni tbaabugiilleidt.yin mg setaoscukr,e lse tt aol othnee tphreo sjeucstt aainndab tloe
Firscdotelntyes,reamrvbianrteiie otfnhs eot fufe hdaesyribiotialnigteyt h boeuf igbldrueiinelndgisin.n gg t’hseh Eisgtyoprtyi,ansi gbuniilfti chaenrictaegaen. dcurrentstatusisconducted,followed
byapreviewAFi orcsfutltryhr,e enact buprrriroeefje ncstttu aoddfy aa dpoantpi vtthieve-er -ebruueuislesdeipn orgfo’ stjhe heci tsV,ttoihlrlaye ,nA sntihgtonenifsiiaicmdaniusc leian ta Ainodlne xceauxnrpdreernirati mwsteaasntu tssse liaesnc tcdeodnr edfosuruc ttlhetsdi.s,
rfoeslleoawrcehd tboy satu pdrye vhieywpo othf etthicea cl uarprepnlitc aatdioanp tiovfe s-roemusee spursotajeicnta, btihlietny tmhee assiumruesla ttioo nth eex pperorijmecet natns da ntdo
determine the feasibility of greening the Egyptian built heritage.
2. TheCreassueltSs. tudy: Overview
Firstly, a brief study on the building’s history, significance and current status is conducted,
f2o. lTlohwe eCda bsey Sat updreyv: iOewve orvf itehwe current adaptive-reuse project, then the simulation experiments and
2.1. VillaAntoniadis
results.
Vil2la.1A. Vniltloa nAinatdonisiaadins ditsgardenslieatthesouthernentranceofAlexandria,andissurroundedby
2. The Case Study: Overview
some48hecVtailrlae sAonftognrieaednise arnyd, witsh gicahrdienncsl ulied eatt thhee Asonutthoenrina denistragnacred oefn As,letxhaendflroiaw, aenrdg aisr sduernrosu,nthdeedN ouzha
Gardens2b.y[11 . s7Vo]iml(lFae iAg4n8ut roheneic5atd)a,irsae sn doft hgreeAenleerxya, nwdhriicah Zinocolulodgei cthael aAnndtoBnoiatdains icgaalrdGeanrsd, tehnes .flTowheerA gnartodnenias,d tihseg ardens
includeNboeuazuhtai fuGlarsdtaentus e[s17a] n(dFigautrreo p5)i,c aalndg retheen hAoleuxsaen.drTiah eZroeoalorgeicaarl cahnade oBlootganicicaall reGmaradiennss. inTchleu dinga
Villa Antoniadis and its gardens lie at the southern entrance of Alexandria, and is surrounded
Antoniadis gardens include beautiful statues and a tropical greenhouse. There are archaeological
Gnostictombdatingbacktothemid-thirdcenturyADandacistern[18–20].
by some 48 hectares of greenery, which include the Antoniadis gardens, the flower gardens, the
remains including a Gnostic tomb dating back to the mid-third century AD and a cistern [18–20].
Nouzha Gardens [17] (Figure 5), and the Alexandria Zoological and Botanical Gardens. The
Antoniadis gardens include beautiful statues and a tropical greenhouse. There are archaeological
remains including a Gnostic tomb dating back to the mid-third century AD and a cistern [18–20].

Figure 5. Location of Villa Antoniadis and its gardens within the city of Alexandria, and within the
Figure5. LocationofVillaAntoniadisanditsgardenswithinthecityofAlexandria,andwithinthe
Nouzha Gardens complex.

NouzhaGardenscomplex.
2.2. HFiisgtuorreic 5al. LBoaccaktgiroonu onfd V illa Antoniadis and its gardens within the city of Alexandria, and within the
Nouzha Gardens complex.
2.2. HistoricaTlhBe aocwkngeror uonf tdhe villa was Sir John Antoniadis, a British subject of Greek origin. In the late 1850s
The2o.r2 o.e wHarinlsyte or1ri8co6af0l sBt, hahcekeg vdroieluvlnaedlo wpeads tShier gJaorhdnenA ensttaoten iaanddi sv,ilala Borni ttihseh bsaunbksje ocft tohfe GMraehemkooudriigehin C.anInal,t he late
which was then the site of the palatial residences of the aristocracy of Alexandria [18,21]. A Greek
1850sorearlTyhe1 8o6w0nse,rh oef tdheev veillloap weads Sthire Joghanr dAenntoensiatadties, aa nBdritvisihll asuobnjectth oef bGarneekks oorifgtihn.e InM thaeh lmatoe u18d5i0esh Canal,
architect, Paul Lascaris, designed the Antoniadis Palace and Gardens, and two Belgian landscapers,
whichwoMars oentahfrreloynn 1tt h8B6ee0yss i,a tnhedeo fdPetahvueel lRpoipacelhadat ritdah le(rD egisarierddcteeonnr c oeesfs tAaotlfee txahanendda rvriiiasl’ltsao gcoarnra dctehyneos b)f aeAnmlkebsxe olalfin stdhheredi aM t[h1aeh8 gm,2a1ordu].ednAie bhGa sCreeaden koanla, rchitect,
PaulLaswthchae irmcihso, wddeaelss o itgfh ntehnee d tshetehv eesintAtee noentf otthnh-eica epdnaitlsuartPiyaa lVl areecrsesiadaielnlnedcse GGs aaorrfd dtehenens s aw,riaistnthod carvtawecnyou oeBfs e Aolgfl eitaxraneneslda arninadd s[ 1ac8 at,p2er1er]ra. scA,eM rGaoriesneefdkr ontBey
architect, Paul Lascaris, designed the Antoniadis Palace and Gardens, and two Belgian landscapers,
andPaualbRoviceh thared pa(Drteirrreecst o(FrigoufrAe 6le) x[1a7n,2d2r]i. aT’hseg Iatarldiaenn Ts)erermaceb eGlalirsdheends wtheereg daersdigennedb absye Pderoicnletsh Leamscaordise lofthe
Monfront Bey and Paul Richard (Director of Alexandria’s gardens) embellished the garden based on
in 1891 [18].
seventeenth-centuryVersaillesGardenswithavenuesoftreesandaterraceraisedabovetheparterres
the model of the seventeenth-century Versailles Gardens with avenues of trees and a terrace raised
The estate was donated to the Municipality of Alexandria in 1918 by the villa’s last owner,
(Figure6aAb)no[t1vo7en ,yt2h 2Ae] np.taTorhnteiearrdIetisas l([iF2a3ing,2uT4r]ee. rT6r)ha [ec1 eg7,aG2r2da]e.r nTdshe aen rIseta wnlioaewnre Todpereernsa ictgoen tGheader pdbueynbslPi cwe arenircdel e dinsecsLliugadnsceed abr ebiasyu iPtniefru1ilc8 ls9et1sa tL[u1ae8ssc] aa.nrids
Thiaen t er1o8sp9ta1ict [ae1l 8gw]r. eaesnhdoounsea tuenddetro thteh deirMectuionni cainpda sliutpyerovfisAionle oxfa tnhed Mriauniincip1a9l 1G8arbdyentsh Seervviicllea. ’s last owner,
AntonyAntTohnei aedstiaste[2 w3,a2s4 ]d.oTnahteedg atord tehne sMaurneicniopwalitoyp oefn Atloextahnedpriua binli c19a1n8d biyn cthlue dveillbae’sa ulatsitf uolwsnteart,u esand
Antony Antoniadis [23,24]. The gardens are now open to the public and include beautiful statues and
atropicalgreenhouseunderthedirectionandsupervisionoftheMunicipalGardensService.
a tropical greenhouse under the direction and supervision of the Municipal Gardens Service.

Figure 6. The original building and its gardens [25].

Figure 6. The original building and its gardens [25].
Figure6.Theoriginalbuildinganditsgardens[25].
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VillaVAilnlat oAnniatodnisiawdias swuasse udseads aasg au geusetsht ohuosueseto toh hoossttE Eggyypptt’’ss vviissiittiinngg ddigignnitiatarireise ssuscuhc hasa tsheth keinkgisn gsof
Belgiuofm B,elGgiruemec,e G, arenedcei,n an1d9 4in2, 1i9t4h2o, istt ehdosItteadl yIt’aslye’xsi leexdilemd omnoanrcahrchV iVcticotrorE Emmmmaannuueell IIIIII [[1188]] aass wweelll lasa sthe
Shahtohfe ISrhaanha onfd Irhains aEngdy phtisia Engwypifteia,nP wrinifcee, sPsriFnacweszs iaF.awItziwa.i tInt ewssitendesssiegdn isfiigcnaniftichanistt ohrisictoarliceavle envtsenstus chas
such as the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 between Nahas Pasha and the British government [26] as
theAnglo-EgyptianTreatyof1936betweenNahasPashaandtheBritishgovernment[26]aswellasthe
well as the founding of the Arab League in 1944 [27] (Figure 7). Events of a lighter nature were also
foundingoftheArabLeaguein1944[27](Figure7).Eventsofalighternaturewerealsoconductedthere:
conducted there: throughout the thirties and forties, garden parties were thrown, and flower shows
throughoutthethirtiesandforties,gardenpartieswerethrown,andflowershowswereheldannually[25].
were held annually [25].

Figure 7. (left) Initiating the Anglo-Egyptian treaty, Antoniadis Palace, Alex, 12 August 1936. (right)
Figure 7. (left) Initiating the Anglo-Egyptian treaty, Antoniadis Palace, Alex, 12 August 1936.
A preparatory committee of senior Arab officials, chaired by the Egyptian Prime Minister Mustafa El-
(right) A preparatory committee of senior Arab officials, chaired by the Egyptian Prime Minister
Nahas, meets in Alexandria on 25 September 1944 to prepare for the launch of the Arab League [25,26].
MustafaEl-Nahas,meetsinAlexandriaon25September1944toprepareforthelaunchoftheArab
LeaguAeft[e2r5 t,2h6e] .1952 revolution, part of the gardens was cut off to enlarge the Nouzha and zoological
gardens. From the 1970s onwards, there has been a decline in the state of the villa: it has fallen into
disrepair and has sadly deteriorated [28]. However, the gardens remain in a fairly good condition
Afterthe1952revolution,partofthegardenswascutofftoenlargetheNouzhaandzoological
and are still open to the public.
gardens. Fromthe1970sonwards,therehasbeenadeclineinthestateofthevilla: ithasfalleninto
In 2004, the governor of Alexandria, Abdel Salam El Mahgoub, donated Villa Antoniadis and its
disrepairandhassadlydeteriorated[28]. However,thegardensremaininafairlygoodconditionand
gardens to the Bibliotheca Alexandrina. The villa’s collection, comprised of the remaining furniture
arestillopentothepublic.
and items, were also donated to the library. As part of this arrangement, the Villa was to be restored,
In2004,thegovernorofAlexandria,AbdelSalamElMahgoub,donatedVillaAntoniadisandits
and its content exhibited as part of the Sir John Antoniadis collection. The aim of this renovation
gardepnrosjetoct twheasB tiob lpiroetsheervcae aAnlde xmanandargine aa. uTnhiqeuvei lhlaer’sitacgoel lseicteti oson ,thcaotm itp crains ebde oaf stohuercree mof aeinnriinchgmfuenrnt iture
andiatenmd ps,lewaseurreea tlos ofudtuornea gteendertoatitohnes.l iVbirlalar yA.nAtosnpiaadritso wfitlhl ihsoastr rsaonmgee Bmibelniott,htehcea VAillelaxawndarsintoa ebveernetss,t ored,
and ibtustc wonillt eanlstoe bxehcoibmitee ad caesntpera rfotro sfchthoelarSsihripJo ohnn AAlenxtaonndiraiad aisndco thllee cMtieodnit.erTrhaneeaanim, a omfetehtiinsgr epnooinvt ation
projefcotr wcualstutroalp irnetseerarcvteioann, adnmd aa nspagacee afour neixqcuheanhgeer aitnadg edisailtoegusoe. tIht awtililt tchaenrebfoerea bseocuormcee ao freesneraircchhm ent
center as well as a guest house for visitors and researchers. It will also contain a museum with an
andpleasuretofuturegenerations. VillaAntoniadiswillhostsomeBibliothecaAlexandrinaevents,
exhibition space along with thematic gardens, a horticulture center and even an outdoor theatre. It
butwillalsobecomeacenterforscholarshiponAlexandriaandtheMediterranean,ameetingpoint
will also have an art center, meeting rooms, and workshop facilities [29].
forculturalinteraction,andaspaceforexchangeanddialogue. Itwillthereforebecomearesearch
centeraswellasaguesthouseforvisitorsandresearchers. Itwillalsocontainamuseumwithan
2.3. Classification and Significance of the Villa
exhibitionspacealongwiththematicgardens,ahorticulturecenterandevenanoutdoortheatre. Itwill
The Villa is listed as historic monument number 1250 at a national level, as a significant
alsohaveanartcenter,meetingrooms,andworkshopfacilities[29].
architectural style building [30] (Figures 8 and 9). The Villa and gardens are considered the heritage
of the city of Alexandria as they represent the richness of Alexandrian society throughout the
2.3. ClassificationandSignificanceoftheVilla
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with its vast European communities and their influence on
Tthhee cuVltiullraal iasndli sbtueidlt eansvihroisntmoreinctsm ofo tnhue mciteyn. tFunruthmerbmerore1,2 t5h0e oawtnaern haitmiosnelaf,l Slier vJoehl,n aAsntaonsiiagdnisi,fi cant
archihteisc tmuuraltli-sntaytlieonbaul iolrdiginings [a3n0d] (hFisi gcuomremsi8tmanendt 9to). thTeh ceitVy i(ltloa tahned pogianrtd oef nosffearriengc ohniss iodwenre hdouthsee ahnedr itage
gardens to the city of Alexandria) represents the multicultural and cosmopolitan figure of the city
of the city of Alexandria as they represent the richness of Alexandrian society throughout the
and its inhabitants during this era.
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries with its vast European communities and their influence
Villa Antoniadis also has national and international historic significance as it witnessed the
ontheculturalandbuiltenvironmentsofthecity.Furthermore,theownerhimself,SirJohnAntoniadis,
initiation of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 between Nahas Pasha and the British government as
hismulti-nationaloriginsandhiscommitmenttothecity(tothepointofofferinghisownhouseand
well as the foundation of the Arab League in 1944.
gardenstothecityofAlexandria)representsthemulticulturalandcosmopolitanfigureofthecityand
itsinhabitantsduringthisera.
V illa Antoniadis also has national and international historic significance as it witnessed the
initiationoftheAnglo-EgyptianTreatyof1936betweenNahasPashaandtheBritishgovernmentas
wellasthefoundationoftheArabLeaguein1944.
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Figure 8. Villa Antoniadis and its Gardens. © 2 008 by Ahmed Khalil.
Figure8.VillaAntoniadisanditsGardens.©2008byAhmedKhalil.
Figure 8. Villa Antoniadis and its Gardens. © 2008 by Ahmed Khalil.

Figure 8. Villa Antoniadis and its Gardens. © 2008 by Ahmed Khalil.

Figure 9. The Historic Dining Hall. © 2008 by Ahmed Khalil.
Figure 9. The Historic Dining Hall. © 2008 by Ahmed Khalil.
3. Current Condition of the Building
Figure9.TheHistoricDiningHall.©2008byAhmedKhalil.

3. Current Condition of the Building
3.1. Architectural CondFitiigounr e 9. The Historic Dining Hall. © 2008 by Ahmed Khalil.
3. CurrentConditionoftheBuilding
3.1. ATrhceh iVteicltluar iasl mCoanddei toiofn a ground floor of 1065 m2, a first floor of 792 m2, a second floor of 202 m2,
3. Current Condition of the Building
and a basement of 343 m2, with a total floor area of 2402 m2.
3.1. ArchitecTtuhrea VlCilloan ids imtiaodne of a ground floor of 1065 m2, a first floor of 792 m2, a second floor of 202 m2,
The existing building was built in two phases: the original building dates to the 1860s, while the
T3.h1eea. anAVsdtrei calrhl nbait aeeiscxsettumemrneasanli dotC neoo fnwo 3dfa4its3ai omagnd 2rd,o weudint hidn a tfl htooet oaelra frolloyfo t1rw 0ae6ren5ati moetfh 22 ,4ca0e2nfi tmursr2y.t .fl Tohoer doifffe7r9en2cme c2a,na bsee ocbosnedrvefldo oinr tohfe 202m2,
The existing building was built in two phases: the original building dates to the 1860s, while the
andabaiensatesTetmrheiroeen rVn detixellotsaeifg ni3nssi 4 oma3nnad mwd se2at r,sou wfac dtaiudt ghreardlao suitnynos tdtthea mefll ofles oao(rrFol iyogr futa w1rre0ees6na 51t0 iome–ft1h222, 4c)a.e0 nf2itrumsrty 2f.l. oTohre odfi f7f9e2re mnc2e, aca sne cboen odb sfleorovre do fi n2 0th2 em 2,
Tanhdein aete xbriiasostrei ndmegesinbgtun o ialfdn 3di4n 3sgt mruw2c,at wusribathlu s iayl stttoientmalts wf (lFooiogpru harreaess a1e 0os–:f 1t22h4).e0 2o mri2g. inalbuildingdatestothe1860s,whilethe
easternexTtheen esxioisntinwga bsuaildddinegd wians tbhueilet ainr ltywtow pehnastieest: hthcee onrtiguirnya.l Tbuhielddinifgf edraetnesc etoc tahne 1b8e60osb, swehrvilee dthien the
eastern extension was added in the early twentieth century. The difference can be observed in the
interiordesignandstructuralsystems(Figures10–12).
interior design and structural systems (Figures 10–12).

Figure 10. The two phases of the construction.
Figure 10. The two phases of the construction.

Figure 10. The two phases of the construction.
Figure10.Thetwophasesoftheconstruction.
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Figure 11. Survey of the interior spaces of the Villa (2008).
Figure11.SurveyoftheinteriorspacesoftheVilla(2008).
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Figure 12. Survey of the structural system of the building (2008).
Figure12.Surveyofthestructuralsystemofthebuilding(2008).
The façades are composed of plaster and gypsum cornices with some areas in very bad condition
Thefaçadesarecomposedofplasterandgypsumcorniceswithsomeareasinverybadcondition
(especially at the western façade) that required restoration including replacing damaged areas using
(especiallyatthewesternfaçade)thatrequiredrestorationincludingreplacingdamagedareasusing
similar materials (Figures 8–15).
similarmaterials(Figures8–15).
3.2. Structural Condition
3.2. StructuralCondition
As the villa was built in two different ages (Figure 10), the structural systems are different; while
As the villa was built in two different ages (Figure 10), the structural systems are different;
the older section was built with brick walls and a wooden ceiling supported on steel and wooden
whiletheoldersectionwasbuiltwithbrickwallsandawoodenceilingsupportedonsteelandwooden
beams, the newly added extension structural system consists of bearing brick walls and reinforced
beams,thenewlyaddedextensionstructuralsystemconsistsofbearingbrickwallsandreinforced
concrete ceilings (Figure 12).
concreteceilings(Figure12).
However, the older section was very deteriorated structurally; the wooden ceiling had to be
However, the older section was very deteriorated structurally; the wooden ceiling had to be
removed and replaced by a RC (reinforced concrete) ceiling, and the brick walls were in bad condition
removedandreplacedbyaRC(reinforcedconcrete)ceiling,andthebrickwallswereinbadcondition
that needed to be sandwiched by 20 cm thick RC walls.
thatneededtobesandwichedby20cmthickRCwalls.
In contrast, the newer extension was in better condition, except for some minor damages to the
RC ceilings.