Using Biotechnology to Enhance Performance in Pulp and Paper Production Processes

60 Pages·0.509 MB·English

by  Schenkelaars, Piet

paper > e-book
Using Biotechnology to Enhance
Performance in Pulp and Paper
Production Processes
this e-book examines the current and potential future use of
biotechnology for enhancement of the various production and
manufacturing processes involved in pulp and paper making,
including the management of waste streams generated by the
pulp and paper industries.
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Using Biotechnology to Enhance Performance in
Pira Business Intelligence
Pulp and Paper Production Processes
The worldwide authority on the packaging, paper and print
Piet Schenkelaars
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table of contents
3 4
Executive Summary Raw Materials and Production Processes Biotechnology Applications in Papermaking
introduction introduction
1Introduction and Methodology Forest Biotechnology Enzymes in Fibre recycling
objective and Scope 4 Propagation 4 refining and Drainage
methodology 4 molecular markers, maS and ‘omics’ 4 De-inking
Definitions 4 Genetic Engineering 4 Stickies control
non-wood Feedstock for the Pulp and Paper industry Fibre modification
2
Biotechnology Developments for 4 Grass Fibres Biopolymer coatings
Papermaking 4 Bast Fibres 4 Protein-based coatings
introduction 4 leaf Fibres 4 Polysaccharide-based coatings
overview of Biotechnology 4 Fruit Fibres 4 lipid and composite coatings
4 Platform Biotechnologies Enzymes in Pulping and Paper making Biotechnology Demand Drivers
4 Biotechnology in Primary Production 4 traditional Pulping Processes
5
4 Biotechnology in industrial Production 4 Biocatalysts for Pulping Future Trends
4 Bio-based Economy 4 Bio-pulping introduction
overview of Biotechnology in Pulp and Papermaking 4 Pitch control Pulp and Paper mills and the Environment
4 Production of woody Biomass Feedstock for Pulp and 4 Bio-bleaching Pulp and Paper mills as Bio-refineries
Papermaking control of microbial Fouling non-woody Biomass as Feedstock
4 Fibre, Pulp and Paper Processing the outlook for Biotechnology in Pulp and Paper
4 Bio-based materials
6
4 wastewater treatment References
4 Bio-refining
List of Tables and Figures
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paper > e-book > using biotechnology to enhance performance in pulp and paper production processes
Executive Summary
the convention on Biological Diversity (1992) defines processing. notably, environmental and energy concerns are often ...biotechnological
biotechnology as ‘any technological application that uses biological driving the use of white biotechnology across many industrial production processes
systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or to sectors, to not only remove pollutants from the environment but
are inherently
modify products or processes for specific use.’ this broad definition prevent pollution in the first place. Biocatalyst-based processes
attractive because
ensures that virtually all applications that might impact biological already play a major role in this context, as they generally operate
they use the basic
diversity are covered by the convention. it also allows a broad at lower temperatures, and produce less toxic waste and fewer
renewable resources
perspective on its present and future applications in the various emissions and by-products compared to conventional (physical-)
production steps and manufacturing processes involved in pulp chemical processes. new biocatalysts with improved selectivity and of sunlight, water
and papermaking, as this is essentially based on the production of enhanced performance for use in diverse manufacturing and waste and carbon dioxide
woody and non-woody biomass-based fibres and their conversion degrading processes are steadily becoming available. moreover, to produce a wide
into pulp and subsequently paper. biotechnological production processes are inherently attractive
range of molecules
because they use the basic renewable resources of sunlight, water
using low-energy
Since biotechnology can be applied in many different sectors and carbon dioxide to produce a wide range of molecules using
processes.
and for many different purposes, it can be useful to differentiate low-energy processes.
between ‘green’ biotechnology for agriculture and forestry, ‘white’
biotechnology for industrial processes, waste management and soil at almost every step in current pulp and papermaking processes,
remediation, ‘blue’ biotechnology for fishery and aquaculture and there are opportunities to apply biotechnology, starting with
‘red’ biotechnology for health-care applications. with respect to the production of woody and non-woody biomass feedstock for
pulp and papermaking, a green biotechnologist’s perspective allows pulp and paper making, through fibre, pulp and (recycled) paper
him to examine the use of biotechnology in forestry and agriculture processing and papermaking.
for the production of woody and non-woody biomass fibres, while
the lenses of a white biotechnologist help to focus on the use of through biotechnology and improved silviculture, trees and
biotechnology in conversion of these biomass-derived fibres into other biomass-resources can be specifically tailored to match
pulp and paper, as well as in management of (toxic) waste streams. the properties required in cellulose fibres for different product
applications. this can increase useful paper yield from trees,
in principle, green biotechnology provides novel opportunities for enhance product quality and decrease requirements for energy
the breeding and growing of trees and crops that are more suitable and chemicals used in papermaking. Producing optimal fibres for
for processing in food, feed, chemical, textile, pulp and paper and papermaking through genetic engineering of trees and certain
other industries. and white biotechnology offers new tools for this plant species is one of the objectives. Significant advances have
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paper > e-book > using biotechnology to enhance performance in pulp and paper production processes
Executive Summary
been made with genetic engineering of several tree species such the penetration of enzymatic processes in the pulp and paper
as poplar, birch, larch, pine and spruce. traits included herbicide- industry is still modest, as is the empirical evidence from studies
tolerance, insect-resistance and modified lignin and cellulose that compare recent enzymatic processes versus chemical processes.
content. a second wave of traits being researched now includes Based on available quantitative and qualitative data, a recent
secondary cell wall characteristics (improved pulpability, increased study suggested: 1) large relative environmental improvement
cellulose content, better stability). potentials of enzyme use in bleaching and refining of pulp; 2)
moderate relative improvement potentials in de-inking and control
overall, hemp, flax, jute, sisal and abaca are among the most of pitch and stickies, and; 3) a considerable potential for the
commonly used non-wood fibre sources used for manufacturing application of enzymes for peroxide removal, fibre modification,
of high-quality pulps for specialty papers. other non-wood plant anionic trash control, starch removal, drainage improvement, starch
species, like for example alfalfa in north america, hemp and flax in preparation for paper coating and slime control.
Europe and acacia in Southeast asia, might also be promising as
feedstock for papermaking. However, the processing procedures for in recent years, biopolymers have been the focus of much research
these non-wood species have to be improved further, in particular because of the interest in their use as edible and biodegradable
the knowledge of lignin composition in non-wood fibres are films and coating for food packaging. Biopolymers, like proteins,
important for optimizing the pulping and bleaching processes. polysaccharides, lipids or combinations of those components,
offer favorable environmental advantages of recyclability and
the use of engineered micro-organisms and enzymes for reutilization compared to conventional, petroleum-based synthetic
displacement of many of the environmentally adverse practices polymers. in addition, biopolymer-based films and coatings can act
used in pulp processing and papermaking is another biotechnology as efficient vehicles for incorporating various additives, including
objective. over the last two decades, numerous applications antimicrobials, antioxidants, colouring agents and nutrients.
have been investigated for fungal and enzymatic treatment of
pulp. these include modification of pulp properties, such as the pulp and paper industry has suffered from persistent low
improved fibre flexibility and fibrillation, decreased vessel picking profitability in north america and Europe for many consecutive
from tropical hardwood pulps, improved drainage in recycled years now. one strategy to combat this persistent lag has been
fibres, specific removal of xylan for dissolving pulp manufacture, to intensify research & Development (r&D) efforts to identify
facilitated bleaching of kraft pulp, enzymatic pulping of new products and entire new businesses, such as biofuels. For
herbaceous fibres, enzymatic pitch removal, stickies control and the foreseeable future, the bulk of the industry’s revenues will
facilitated contaminant removal from recycled fibres (de-inking). continue to be generated from traditional pulp, paper and board
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paper > e-book > using biotechnology to enhance performance in pulp and paper production processes
Executive Summary
products. However, further advances of white biotechnology and
the adoption of biocatalysts by the pulp and paper industry can
help to enhance the economic and environmental performance of
several processing steps as well as to develop new paper products.
moreover, the bio-refinery concept offers a promising outlook for
the pulp and paper industry to make use of fibres from both woody
and non-woody biomass and to produce not only paper products
but also biofuels and ‘green’ chemicals.
TABLE 0.1 Biotechnology transition table, 2011 – 2021
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paper > e-book > using biotechnology to enhance performance in pulp and paper production processes
1 Introduction and Methodology
Objective and Scope many purposes, it can be useful to differentiate between ‘green’ in principle, green
the objective of this report is to examine the current and potential biotechnology for agriculture and forestry, ‘white’ biotechnology biotechnology
future use of biotechnology for enhancement of the various for industrial processes, waste management and soil remediation,
provides novel
production and manufacturing processes involved in pulp and ‘blue’ biotechnology for fishery and aquaculture and ‘red’
opportunities
paper making, including the management of waste streams biotechnology for health-care applications. Yet, the boundaries
for breeding and
generated by the pulp and paper industries. between green, blue, white and red biotechnologies are not always
growing of trees
clear or obvious. For instance, the production of ‘red’ (sub-unit)
over the years, many definitions have been provided for modern vaccines or ‘white’ molecules, such as enzymes or (monomers for) and crops that are
biotechnology. in the broadest sense, biotechnology may be biopolymers, blur the boundaries between these green, red and more suitable for
understood to include such traditional biology-based processes white biotechnologies. with respect to pulp and paper making, processing in food,
as conventional plant and animal breeding and fermentation a green biotechnologist’s perspective allows him to examine the
feed, chemical,
for beer brewing, bread baking and cheese production. in the use of biotechnology in forestry and agriculture for the production
textile, pulp and
narrowest sense, biotechnology may be taken as a term describing of woody and non-woody biomass fibres, while the lenses of a
paper and other
molecular technologies applied for genetic modification of living white biotechnologist help to focus on the use of biotechnology in
organisms. the convention on Biological Diversity (1992) defines conversion of these biomass-derived fibres into pulp and paper, as industries.
biotechnology as ‘any technological application that uses biological well as in management of (toxic) waste streams.
systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or to
modify products or processes for specific use.’ this broad definition in principle, green biotechnology provides novel opportunities for
ensures that virtually all applications that might impact biological breeding and growing of trees and crops that are more suitable
diversity are covered by the convention. for processing in food, feed, chemical, textile, pulp and paper and
other industries. and white biotechnology offers new tools for this
a broad definition of biotechnology also allows a broad perspective processing. notably, environmental and energy concerns are often
on its present and potential future applications in the various driving the use of white biotechnology across many industrial
production steps and manufacturing processes involved in pulp sectors, to not only remove pollutants from the environment but
and papermaking, as this is essentially based on the production of prevent pollution in the first place. Biocatalyst-based processes
woody and non-woody biomass-based fibres and their conversion already play a major role in this context, as they generally operate
into pulp and subsequently paper. at lower temperatures, produce less toxic waste and fewer
emissions and by-products compared to conventional physical-
Since biotechnology can be applied in many sectors and for chemical processes. new biocatalysts with improved selectivity and
7
CHAPTER ES 1 2 3 4 5 6 TOC
www.pira-international.com