U.S. Army Reconnaissance and Surveillance Handbook

256 Pages·2013·8.16 MB·English

by  Army

Additional material copyright © 2013 by Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
No claim is made to material contained in this work that is derived from government documents.
Nevertheless, Skyhorse Publishing claims copyright in all additional content, including, but not
limited to, compilation copyright and the copyright in and to any additional material, elements,
design, images, or layout of whatever kind included herein.
All inquiries should be addressed to Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New
York, NY 10018.
Skyhorse Publishing books may be purchased in bulk at special discounts for sales promotion,
corporate gifts, fund-raising, or educational purposes. Special editions can also be created to
specifications. For details, contact the Special Sales Department, Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West
36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018 or [email protected].
Skyhorse® and Skyhorse Publishing® are registered trademarks of Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.®, a
Delaware corporation.
Visit our website at www.skyhorsepublishing.com.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data [TK]
ISBN: 978-1-62636-099-0
eISBN: 978-1-62873-556-7
Printed in the United States of America
Contents—FM 34-2-1
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION
Collection Management Process
Solutions to Common Errors in Reconnaissance and Surveillance
Planning
CHAPTER 2—RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE AND
INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE BATTLEFIELD
Terms
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Principles
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Process
Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan Development
CHAPTER 3—ASSETS AND EQUIPMENT
Assets and Equipment Organic to the Maneuver Battalion
Assets and Personnel Normally Supporting the Maneuver Battalion
Assets and Personnel Normally Supporting the Maneuver Brigade
CHAPTER 4—PLANNING EFFECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE
Staff Officer Responsibilities
Planning
CHAPTER 5—METHODS OF TASKING RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE ASSETS
CHAPTER 6—THE RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE
OVERLAY
CHAPTER 7—MONITORING THE RECONNAISSANCE AND
SURVEILLANCE EFFORT
Tracking Targets and Assets
Evaluating How Your Assets Report
Managing Priority Intelligence Requirements
Modifying the Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan
Tasking Assets
CHAPTER 8—AUGMENTING OR TASK ORGANIZING
RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE MISSIONS
Task Organized with Engineers and Artillery Forward Observers
Attached to Reconnaissance Patrol
Task Organized with Signal Assets, Observation Posts, and Forward
Observers Attached to Extended Reconnaissance Patrol
Scouts with Infantry
D Company, Scout Platoon, and Ground Surveillance Radar Effort
Augmented
CHAPTER 9—RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
Detailed Reconnaissance
Surveillance of the Objective
Ongoing Reconnaissance and Surveillance Planning
CHAPTER 10—INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO
COUNTERRECONNAISSANCE
Staff Officers
Mission Planning
Reconnaissance Fundamentals
Using Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield to Support Your
Counterreconnaissance Effort
Counterreconnaissance
CHAPTER 11—RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEILLANCE IN LOW-
INTENSITY CONFLICT
Factors
Guerrilla/Insurgent Operations
Upper Echelon Organization
Equipment
Forms of Guerrilla Combat
Insurgent Map Symbols
Movement Formations
Tactical Command Basic Organization
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Considerations
Assets
CHAPTER 12—ELECTRONIC WARFARE ASSET EMPLOYMENT
Fundamentals
Planning
What Type of Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Assets Are
Needed?
APPENDIX A— Management Tools For Reconnaissance and
Surveillance Operations
APPENDIX B— Example of the Reconnaissance and Surveillance
Process
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX
Preface
This field manual provides tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for
reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) planning, mission management,
and reporting. It provides TTP for the development of intelligence to
support counterreconnaissance (CR) operations. It describes
employment considerations for R&S assets and defines the roles of the
collection manager and maneuver brigade and battalion S2s in planning
R&S operations. It describes their roles in identifying intelligence
requirements to support CR operations.
This manual addresses TTP for planning and conducting R&S and
developing intelligence to support CR operations at maneuver brigade
and below. It can also apply to armored cavalry regiment (ACR) and
separate brigades.
This manual is intended for maneuver commanders and their staffs
(especially S2s), intelligence staffs and collection managers, and other
personnel involved in planning and conducting R&S and developing
intelligence to support CR operations. It is intended for use by both active
and Reserve Components (RC) and U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
Command (TRADOC) schools.
The doctrine in this publication conforms with and supports the
principles contained in FM 34-1.
Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and
pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
The proponent of this publication is the United States Army Intelligence
Center, Fort Huachuca, AZ. Send comments and recommendations on
DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank
Forms) directly to Commander, U.S. Army Intelligence Center and
School, ATTN: ATSI-TDL-D, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7000.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Throughout history, military leaders have recognized the importance of
R&S. Gaining and maintaining contact with the enemy is essential to win
the battle. Our own military history contains many examples where our
knowledge of the enemy, or lack of knowledge, directly led to victory or
defeat.
The role of R&S has not changed on the modern battlefield; if anything,
it has become even more important. Battles at the combat training
centers prove that a good R&S effort is critical to successful attacks. On
the other hand, a poor R&S effort almost guarantees defeat for the
commander. Figure 1-1 shows attack outcome according to
reconnaissance status (Blue Force [BLUFOR]). This chart was developed
by the Rand Corporation in its October 1987 study, “Applying the
National Training Center Experience: Tactical Reconnaissance.”
Figure 1-1. Attack outcome according to reconnaissance status (BLUFOR).
The message is clear: success on the battlefield begins with R&S and
R&S begins with the intelligence officer. As the S2, you play a big role in
the success or failure of your unit. But if being able to find the enemy is
critical to the attack, what role does the S2 play in the defense?
Figure 1-2 shows the attack outcome according to reconnaissance
status (Opposing Force [OPFOR]). This is another chart from the same
Rand study. It clearly shows: if you blind the enemy, they will most likely
fail in the attack. Therefore, a successful defense depends on finding,
targeting, destroying, or suppressing enemy reconnaissance assets
before they can report your unit’s defensive positions.