Table Of ContentUNDERSTANDING
TUBERCULOSIS – GLOBAL
EXPERIENCES AND
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES
TO THE DIAGNOSIS
Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches
to the Diagnosis
Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Understanding Tuberculosis – Global Experiences and Innovative Approaches to the
Diagnosis, Edited by Pere-Joan Cardona
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-938-7
Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Experience on Laboratory Diagnosis Around the World 1
Chapter 1 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 3
N. Esther Babady and Nancy L. Wengenack
Chapter 2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Latent and Active Tuberculosis
Infections in Trinidad & Tobago and Determination
of Drug Susceptibility Profile of Tuberculosis
Isolates in the Caribbean 37
Patrick Eberechi Akpaka and Shirematee Baboolal
Chapter 3 Tuberculosis is Still a Major Challenge in Africa 59
Simeon I.B. Cadmus, Osman, El Tayeb and Dick van Soolingen
Chapter 4 Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia 71
Sahal Al-Hajoj
Chapter 5 Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 87
Faten Al-Zamel
Chapter 6 Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in
Low-Income Countries: Current Evidence in Sub-Saharan
Africa with Special Focus on HIV Infection or AIDS 127
Claude Mambo Muvunyi and Florence Masaisa
Chapter 7 Immunologic Diagnosis of Neurotuberculosis 147
Iacob Simona Alexandra, Banica Dorina, Iacob Diana Gabriela,
Panaitescu Eugenia, Radu Irina and Cojocaru Manole
Chapter 8 Diagnostic Methods for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and Challenges in Its Detection in India 171
Shamsher S. Kanwar
VI Contents
Chapter 9 Management of TB in HIV Subjects,
the Experience in Thailand 183
Attapon Cheepsattayakorn
Chapter 10 Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
Biorisk, Biosafety and Biocontainment 203
Wellman Ribón
Part 2 New Approaches to the TB Diagnosis 237
Chapter 11 New Diagnostics for Mycobacterium tuberculosis 239
Michaela Lucas, Andrew Lucas and Silvana Gaudieri
Chapter 12 Nanodiagnostics for Tuberculosis 257
Bruno Veigas and Gonçalo Doria and Pedro V. Baptista
Chapter 13 Sputum Smear Microscopy for Tuberculosis:
Evaluation of Autofocus Functions and Automatic
Identification of Tuberculosis Mycobacterium 277
Cicero F. F. Costa Filho and Marly G. F. Costa
Chapter 14 The Use of Phage for Detection, Antibiotic
Sensitivity Testing and Enumeration 293
Catherine Rees and George Botsaris
Chapter 15 Molecular Imaging in TB: From the Bench to the Clinic 307
Nuria Andreu, Paul T. Elkington and Siouxsie Wiles
Chapter 16 Data Mining Techniques in the
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis 333
T. Asha, S. Natarajan and K. N. B. Murthy
Chapter 17 Immunological Diagnosis of Active and Latent TB 353
Beata Shiratori, Hiroki Saitoh, Umme Ruman Siddiqi,
Jingge Zhao, Haorile Chagan-Yasutan,
Motoki Usuzawa, Chie Nakajima,
Yasuhiko Suzuki and Toshio Hattori
Chapter 18 Immune Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Through Novel Technologies 379
Miguel A. Arroyo-Ornelas, Ma. Concepción Arenas-Arrocena,
Horacio V. Estrada, Victor M. Castaño and Luz M. López-Marín
Chapter 19 Exosomes: New Tuberculosis Biomarkers –
Prospects From the Bench to the Clinic 395
Nicole A. Kruh-Garcia, Jeff S. Schorey and Karen M. Dobos
Contents VII
Chapter 20 Molecular Techniques for Identification of Species
of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex:
The use of Multiplex PCR and an Adapted HPLC Method
for Identification of Mycobacterium bovis and
Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis 411
Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza Figueiredo, Carlos Adam Conte
Júnior, Leone Vinícius Furlanetto, Flávia Galindo Silvestre Silva,
Rafael Silva Duarte, Joab Trajano Silva,
Walter Lilenbaum and Vânia Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
Part 3 Improving Detection and Control of Resistances 433
Chapter 21 Survey and Molecular Characterization of Drug- Resistant
M. tuberculosis Clinical Isolates from Zunyi,
Guizhou Province of China 435
Ling Chen, Hong Zhang, Jian-Yong Zhang, Na-Na Li, Mei Liu,
Zhao-Jing Zong, Jian-Hua Wang and Sheng-Lan Wang
Chapter 22 Molecular Biological Techniques for Detection of
Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR) and Extremely
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR) in Clinical Isolates
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 455
K.L. Therese, R. Gayathri and H.N. Madhavan
Chapter 23 Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and Drug Resistance: Opportunies and
Challenges in Morocco 471
I. Chaoui, M. Abid, My. El Messaoudi and My. D. El Mzibri
Chapter 24 Pattern of Circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Strains in Sri Lanka 511
Dhammika Magana-Arachchi
Chapter 25 Health Interventions to Improve the Medication
Efficacy in Tuberculosis Treatment 527
Jean Leandro dos Santos, Chung Man Chin, Ednir de Oliveira
Vizioli, Fernando Rogério Pavan and Luiz Antonio Dutra
Preface
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a disease that is transmitted through aerosol. This is the
reason why it is estimated that a third of humankind is already infected by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vast majority of the infected do not know about their
status. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a silent pathogen, causing no symptomatology at
all during the infection. In addition, infected people cannot cause further infections.
Unfortunately, an estimated 10 percent of the infected population has the probability
to develop the disease, making it very difficult to eradicate. Once in this stage, the
bacilli can be transmitted to other persons and the development of clinical symptoms
is very progressive. Therefore the diagnosis, especially the discrimination between
infection and disease, is a real challenge. In this book, we present the experience of
worldwide specialists on the diagnosis, along with its lights and shadows.
Dr. Pere-Joan Cardona
Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)
Catalunya, Spain
