Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology

459 Pages·2004·31.41 MB·English

by  Mader S.S.

Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
We cannot teach people anything; we can only help them discover it Mader texts are well known for their pedagogical features,
within themselves. Galileo Galilei and those for this text are described in the Guided Tour on
pages xv-xx. Also, as with other Mader texts, the illustra-
Over the years, it has been my privilege to meet many of the
tions are excellent.
adopters of my texts at various meetings around the coun-
try. At one such meeting, I met a professor who told me that William J. Burke, of Madison Area Technical College, states,
heand his colleagues were using my book, Human Biology “This text has some very good art. It is well labeled and has
for an anatomy and physiology course because they wanted a good color scheme that helps it stand out. The inclusion of
to use a Mader text. When I returned home, I pondered over the many tables and charts is also an excellent learning tool
this and decided that I would write an anatomy and physi- for the students.”
ology text so that professors teaching that course would
My vision for Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology
have a more appropriate Mader textbook. Thus, began the
encompasses three goals. I want students to develop a
development of this text, Understanding Human Anatomy
working knowledge of (1) anatomy and physiology that is
and Physiology,which is now in its fifth edition.
based on conceptual understanding rather than rote mem-
I wanted to write a text that would appeal to a wide au-
dience_from those in traditional allied health fields to oth- ory; (2) medical terminology that will increase the stu-
dent’s confidence in their chosen field; and (3) clinical ap-
ers who are a bit removed from traditional endeavors. The
plications to broaden their horizons beyond the core
book should be clear and direct, with objectives that are
principles.
achievable by students who have no previous science back-
ground and even by those who are science shy. This goal was Dr. Philip Swartz, of Houston Community College system,
reached. writes,“Each chapter includes salient clinical concepts that
will be fascinating to the reader and enhance his or her
Diane Kelly, of Broome Community College, writes,“I think
understanding of the material being presented.”
the text is very readable, clear, and user friendly. The art is a
wonderful complement to the author’s writing; together, the
information is clearly presented.”
Aboutthe Author
Sylvia S. Mader
In her 20-year career with McGraw-Hill, Dr. Mader has written an impressive collection of textbooks. Aside from Understanding
Human Anatomy and Physiology,now in its fifth edition, Dr. Mader has written Biology,eighth edition; Human Biology,eighth edi-
tion, and Inquiry into Life,tenth edition, through which Dr. Mader has successfully helped innumerable students learn biology as
well as human anatomy and physiology.
Dr. Mader’s interest in anatomy and physiology began when she took courses at the Medical School of St. Andrews Uni-
versity, in Scotland, during her junior year abroad. As a fledgling faculty member, she was called upon to teach a variety of courses,
among them was human anatomy and physiology. As a textbook writer she discovered that the teaching and learning techniques
she so successfully used in the classroom were appropriate for her biology texts and then later for her anatomy and physiology
text. Dr. Mader’s direct writing style and carefully constructed pedagogy provide students with an opportunity to learn the basics
of biology and anatomy and physiology.
viii
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
What’sNew to ThisEdition? that are now experimental but promise to be particularly help-
ful in the future. For example, a What’s New box in the first
chapter tells about organs made in the laboratory that are now
New Design and Illustrations
being transplanted into patients. The What’s New reading in
Chapter 8 describes a “pacemaker” for Parkinson disease.
A new, colorful design and revised illustrations enhance the
features of Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, fifth
edition. Chapter Openers
Scanning electron micrographs, X-rays, and MRI images open
Organization
the chapters for a closer look into the wonders of the human
body. The integrated outline has been retained with the addi-
This edition follows the same general sequence as the earlier
tion of a numbering system for each major concept found in
editions. It is divided into five parts:
the chapter, including the summary.
Part I, “Human Organization,” provides an
understanding of how the body is organized and the
VisualFocus
terminology used to refer to various body parts and their
locations. Chapters 2 through 4 describe the chemistry Visual Focus illustrations are included in several chapters.
of the cell, cell structure and function, and the tissues With the addition of boxed statements, these in-depth illustra-
and membranes of the body. tions, which contain several art pieces, cover a process from
Part II,“Support, Movement, and Protection,” includes start to finish. For example, Figure 7.3 outlines contraction of
the integumentary system in addition to the skeletal and a muscle from the macroscopic to the microscopic perspective.
muscular systems.
Part III, “Integration and Coordination,” explains that
Chapter End Matter
the nervous and endocrine systems are vitally important
to the coordination of body systems, and therefore This edition includes updated Selected New Terms, Sum-
homeostasis, while the sensory system provides the maries, Study Questions, Objective Questions, Medical Ter-
nervous system with information about the internal and minology Reinforcement Exercises, and Website Links to the
external environments. Online Learning Center.
Part IV, “Maintenance of the Body,” describes how the
cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, and
Objective Questions
urinary systems contribute to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Labeling exercises have been added to chapters 8, 11, 14, and
Part V, “Reproduction and Development,” concerns the 18 to reinforce the concepts of the chapter.
reproductive systems, development, and the basics of
human genetics, including modern advances.
Chapter Updatesand Additions
Homeostasis
Chapter 1: Organization ofthe Body
The theme of homeostasis is strengthened in this edition. As
before, Chapter 1 describes how various feedback mecha- New illustrations, tables, and a reading titled “Organs for
nisms work to maintain the internal environment within a Transplant” introduce the student to the human body. The
narrow range. New to this edition, each systems chapter ends discussion of negative feedback now includes temperature
with a major section on homeostasis to accompany the “Hu- control as an example and also includes a discussion of posi-
man Systems Work Together” illustration. This section de- tive feedback, as requested by reviewers.
scribes how the system under discussion, with the help of the
other systems, maintains homeostasis.
Chapter 2: ChemistryofLife
This chapter has been reorganized and rewritten to help stu-
New Readings
dents understand fundamental chemistry concepts. Carbohy-
Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology, fifth edition, has drates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids each have their own
two types of readings. Previously, the book had two types of major section.
readings called Medical Focus and MedAlert. In this edition,
the readings are Medical Focus and What’s New. Some of the
Chapter 3: CellStructure and Function
Medical Focus readings from the fourth edition have been re-
moved, and most of the others have been revised. The What’s Cellular Organization, Crossing the Plasma Membrane, and
New readings, which are new to this edition, tell of treatments The Cell Cycle are clearly defined as chapter sections. Tables
Preface ix
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
3.1, 3.2, and all art are new to this edition. The Medical Focus Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
reading, “Dehydration and Water Intoxication” is also new to
An overview of the endocrine glands now precedes an im-
this edition.
proved discussion of each gland. A new illustration shows
how the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex are in-
Chapter 4: BodyTissuesand Membranes volved in short-term and long-term stress, respectively.
Other new illustrations pertain to regulation of blood cal-
Each type of tissue now has its own major section. In addition
cium, regulation of blood pressure, Addison disease, and
to body membranes, connections between cells and different
Cushing syndrome. The chapter also includes a discussion
types of glands are discussed in respective sections. Art and ta-
of chemical signals in general and how hormones affect cel-
bles have been revised for this chapter.
lular metabolism.
Chapter 5: The IntegumentarySystem
Chapter 11: Blood
Section 5.5. Homeostasis is new to this edition. It shows how
A detailed description of the composition and function of
the various functions of the skin assist the body in maintain-
blood now opens the chapter. There follows a more compre-
ing homeostasis. Also discussed are hyperthermia and hy-
hensive look at the formed elements. The section on platelets
pothermia, which occur when homeostasis has been over-
centers around hemostasis, including coagulation. The trans-
come. The section is accompanied by an updated Human
port function of blood is illustrated by considering capillary
Systems Work Together illustration.
exchange. The last section of the chapter, Blood Typing and
Transfusions, is supported by new art that clearly illustrates
Chapter 6: The SkeletalSystem blood types and agglutination.
New illustrations, each of which is on the same or a facing
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
page to its reference, much improve this chapter. More infor-
mation is given about each bone and joint discussed. The
An overview of the cardiovascular system, supported by an
chapter ends with a review of the many ways the skeletal sys-
illustration, offers a much-improved introduction to the
tem helps maintain homeostasis.
chapter, which has been reorganized into five parts: the
anatomy of the heart, the physiology of the heart, the
Chapter 7: The Muscular System anatomy of blood vessels, the physiology of circulation,
and circulatory routes. A better discussion of cardiac output
The first two illustrations in this chapter are new: The first and peripheral resistance improves the presentation of the
shows the three types of muscles, and the second describes the chapter.
connective tissue coverings within and around a skeletal mus-
cle. Instructors and students will appreciate the new in-depth
Chapter 13: The LymphaticSystem and Body
discussion of the sources of energy for muscle contraction,
Defenses
which is also accompanied by a new illustration.
As requested by reviewers, the lymphatic organs are now
Chapter 8: The NervousSystem divided into those that are primary and those that are sec-
ondary. The discussion of specific immunity is much im-
This chapter was rewritten. In particular, the discussion of the proved by new illustrations depicting the action of B cells
cerebrum has been expanded to include not only the various and T cells. A new reading on emerging diseases modernizes
lobes but also the areas within these lobes. The somatic sys- the chapter.
tem of the peripheral nervous system is now clearly defined,
and the spinal reflex has been moved to this section. New il-
Chapter 14: The RespiratorySystem
lustrations support improved discussions of all aspects of the
nervous system. An improved Table 14.1, which includes a description of the
respiratory organs, adds to the discussion of the respiratory
system. The respiratory membrane is better described and is
Chapter 9: The SensorySystem
accompanied by a new illustration. The section entitled
Types of senses, rather than types of receptors, are now used to Mechanism of Breathing is better organized so that regulation
organize this chapter. The discussions of the anatomy and of breathing rates now has its own subsection. Following
physiology of the eye and ear are better organized, with an em- reviewers’ suggestions, the chapter is more student friendly
phasis on how information regarding vision and sound is gen- because gas exchange and transport no longer require a
erated and transmitted to the brain. The sense of equilibrium knowledge of partial pressures. All readings are new or exten-
is now divided into rotational and gravitational equilibrium. sively revised.
x Preface
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
Chapter 15: The Digestive System Teaching and Learning
New illustrations of stomach and small intestine anatomy Supplements
add to the improved and extended discussion of these topics.
Chemical digestion now benefits by having its own separate McGraw-Hill offers various tools and teaching products to
section. The Medical Focus reading “Human Teeth” has been support the fifth edition of Understanding Human Anatomy &
moved to a logical location early in the chapter. Liver struc- Physiology. Students can order supplemental study materials
ture, function, and disorders are more logically and thor- by contacting their local bookstore. Instructors can obtain
oughly presented. The chapter ends with an added discussion teaching aids by calling the Customer Service Department at
of three eating disorders: obesity, bulimia nervosa, and 800-338-3987, visiting our A & P website at www.mhhe.com,
anorexia nervosa. or contacting their local McGraw-Hill sales representative.
TheDigital Content Manager,0-07-246443-7, is a multime-
dia collection of visual resources that allows instructors to
Chapter 16: The UrinarySystem and Excretion
utilize artwork from the text in multiple formats to create
The functions of the urinary system are discussed more thor- customized classroom presentations, visually-based tests and
oughly than in the fourth edition. The discussion of a quizzes, dynamic course website content, or attractive
nephron has been improved by the addition of micrographs. printed support materials. The digital assets on this cross-
The role of the loop of the nephron and various hormones in platform CD-ROM are grouped by chapter within the follow-
water reabsorption is better explained, and the topic of acid- ing easy-to-use folders.
base balance has been expanded to discuss all the ways the
• Active Art Library Key Process Figures are saved in ma-
body can adjust the pH of the blood. The chapter ends with a
nipulable layers that can be isolated and customized to
discussion of treatments for kidney failure.
meet the needs of the lecture environment.
Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
The topic of meiosis has been moved to this chapter so that
spermatogenesis and oogenesis can be better understood by
students. Coverage of the reproductive organs has been im-
proved by the inclusion of both sagittal and posterior views of
the systems. Following reviewers’ suggestions, the menstrual
(instead of the ovarian and uterine cycles) is discussed. New
Health Focuses are provided on endocrine-disrupting con-
taminants, shower checks for cancer, and preventing trans-
mission of STDs.
Chapter 18: Human Developmentand Birth
The addition of new figures depicting fertilization, extraem-
bryonic membranes, and the primary germ layers improves
this chapter. Extensive revision is obvious due to the addition
of new readings entitled “Therapeutic Cloning” and “Prevent- • Animations Library Numerous full-color
ing Birth Defects.” A discussion of the development of male animations of key physiological processes are
and female organs has been added, and the chapter ends with provided. Harness the visual impact of processes in
a new and extended discussion of the effects of pregnancy on motion by importing these files into classroom pre-
the mother. sentations or course websites.
• Art Libraries Full-color digital files of all
illustrations in the book, plus the same art saved in
Chapter 19: Human Genetics
unlabeled and gray scale versions, can be readily
Aside from having all sections revised and updated, the chap- incorporated into lecture presentations, exams, or
ter uses cystic fibrosis to show the connection between a ge- custom-made classroom materials. These images are
netic disorder and the function of a protein and to illustrate also pre-inserted into blank PowerPoint slides for
the levels of genetic counseling, from doing a pedigree to per- ease of use.
forming a preimplantation genetic study. The chapter ends • Photo Libraries Digital files of instructionally signif-
with a Medical Focus outlining the future benefits from the icant photographs from the text—including cadaver,
modern field of genomics. bone, histology, and surface anatomy images—can
be reproduced for multiple classroom uses.
Preface xi
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
• PowerPoints Ready-made image presentations
cover each of the 19 chapters of the text. Tailor the
PowerPoints to reflect your preferred lecture topics
and sequences.
• Tables Library Every table that appears in the text is
provided in electronic form. You can quickly
preview images and incorporate them into
PowerPoint or other presentation programs to create
your own multimedia presentations. You can also re-
move and replace labels to suit your own
preferences in terminology or level of detail.
Instructor Testing and Resource CD-ROM,0-07-246441-0, is a
cross-platform CD-ROM providing a wealth of resources for
the instructor. Supplements featured on this CD-ROM
include a computerized test bank utilizing Brownstone
Diploma® testing software to quickly create customized content (and nearly every body system) including Urinary,
exams. This user-friendly program allows instructors to Skeletal, Reproductive, Nervous, Muscular, Immune, Diges-
search for questions by topic or format, edit existing tive, Circulatory, and Endocrine. The Interactive Clinical
questions or add new ones, and scramble questions and an- Resource CD-ROM may be used as a classroom lecture tool or
swer keys for multiple versions of the same test. study guide for students post lecture. Students can use the
Interactive Clinical Resource CD-ROM to play the 3D anima-
Other assets on the Instructor’s Testing and Resource CD- tions, explore the 3D models, print the associated text, and
ROM are grouped within easy-to-use folders. The Instructor’s view the slides with labels and definitions of key structures re-
Manual and Clinical Applications Manual are available in lated to the disease/disorder. Students will learn how the var-
both Word and PDF formats. Word files of the test bank are ious diseases/disorders affect the human body system along
included for those instructors who prefer to work outside of with possible treatments. The Interactive Clinical Resource
the test generator software. CD-ROM is the perfect way to reinforce and relate the physio-
TheInstructor’s Manual,by Dr. Patrick Galliart includes chapter logical concepts taught in the classroom to real life.
summaries and outlines, suggested student activities, answers to Online Learning Center(http://www.mhhe.com/maderap5)
objective questions and to medical terminology reinforcement The OLC offers an extensive array of learning and teaching
exercises, and a list of audiovisual materials. The Instructor’s tools. The site includes quizzes for each chapter, links to
Manual is available on Instructor Testing and Resource CD- websites related to each chapter, clinical applications,
ROM and the Instructor Edition of the Online Learning Center. interactive activities, art labeling exercises, and case studies.
McGraw-Hill provides 200 Overhead Transparencies, Instructor resources at the site include lecture outlines,
0-07-246438-0 of key text line art and photographs. technology resources, clinical applications, and case studies.
English/Spanish Glossary for Anatomy and Physiology, • Student Center, OnlineEssential Study Partner
0-07-283118-9, is a complete glossary that includes every key The ESP contains 120 animations and more than
term used in a typical anatomy and physiology course. 800 learning activities to help your students grasp
Definitions are provided in both English and Spanish. A complex concepts. Interactive diagrams and quizzes
phonetic guide to pronunciation follows each word in the will make learning stimulating and fun for your stu-
glossary. dents. The Essentials Study Partner can be accessed
via the Online Learning Center.
Course Delivery SystemsWith help from our partners,
WebCT, Blackboard, TopClass, eCollege, and other course
management systems, professors can take complete control
over their course content. These course cartridges also
provide online testing and powerful student tracking
features. Understanding Human Anatomy & PhysiologyOnline
Learning Center is available within all of these platforms.
For the Student
Interactive Clinical Resource CD-ROM
TheInteractive Clinical Resource CD-ROMoffers one hun-
dred fifty-one 3D animations and 3D models of human dis-
ease and disorders. It also contains 13 sections of clinical
xii Preface
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
• Live News Feeds TheAnatomy and Physiology Laboratory Textbook Essentials
The OLC offers course specific real-time news Version,0-07-232363-9, by Gunstream, contains several frog
articles to help students stay current with the latest dissections and may be used with any anatomy and physiol-
topics in anatomy and physiology. ogy text.
• Tutorial Service Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual-Fetal Pig
This free “homework hotline” offers you the opportu- Dissection,Second Edition0-07-243814-2, by Terry R. Mar-
nity to discuss text questions with our A&P consultant. tin, Kishwaukee College, provides excellent full-color photos
• GetBodySmart.com is an online examination of of the dissected fetal pig with corresponding labeled art. It
human anatomy and physiology. This program is includes World Wide Web activities for many chapters.
available on the Student Edition of the Online Learn-
ing Center.
• Access Scienceis the online version of McGraw-Hill’s
Encyclopedia of Science & Technology. Link to this
Virtual Anatomy Dissection Review, CD-ROM,
site free of charge from the Online Learning Center.
0-07-285621-1, by John Waters, Pennsylvania State
Physiology Interactive Lab Simulations (Ph.I.L.S) University. This multimedia program contains vivid, high
0-07-287167-9 quality, labeled cat dissection photographs. The program
The Ph.I.L.S CD-ROM contains eleven laboratory helps students easily identify and review the corresponding
simulations that allow students to perform experiments structures and functions between the cat and the human
without using expensive lab equipment or live animals. This body.
easy-to-use software offers students the flexibility to change
Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology,fourth edition,
the parameters of every lab experiment, with no limit to the
0-07-243810-X, by Eder et al., is a full-color atlas containing
amount of times a student can repeat experiments or modify
histology, human skeletal anatomy, human muscular
variables. This power to manipulate each experiment
anatomy, dissections, and reference tables.
reinforces key physiology concepts by helping students to
view outcomes, make predictions, and draw conclusions.
Preface xiii
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
Acknowledgments
Fifth Edition Reviewers
I would like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of all Karen Magatagan
professors and their students who have provided detailed rec- Cochise College
ommendations for improving chapter content and illustra-
Jacqueline S. McLaughlin
tions for the fifth edition.
Pennsylvania State University—Berks/Lehigh Valley
Bert Atsma
Kenneth Moore
Union County College
Seattle Pacific University
William J. Burke
Albert Moraska
Madison Area Technical College
Boulder College of Massage Therapy
Richard Ceroni
Scott Murdoch
Carnegie Institute of Integrative Medicine
Moraine Valley Community College
Jay P. Clymer III
Linda R. Nichols
Marywood University
Santa Fe Community College
Mark Eberle
Robin R. Patterson
Central Oregon Community College
Butler County Community College
Diana Godish
Susan Pazynski
Ball State University
Glen Oaks Community College
Michelle A. Green
Joel H. Scott
Alfred State College
Blue Cliff College
Gary W. Hunt
Marilyn M. Shannon
Tulsa Community College Indiana University-Purdue University—Fort Wayne
Dianne M. Jedlicka
F. Christopher Sowers
The School of the Art Institute of Chicago
Wilkes Community College
Geoffrey Jowett
Michael Squires
Savannah College of Art and Design
Columbus State Community College
Diane M. Kelly
James D. Tipton
Broome Community College
Chattahoochee Valley Community College
Kenneth M. Kosten
Harry A. Tracy, Jr.
Community College of Denver
University of Texas at San Antonio
John J. Kulig
Ricky K. Wong
Central Massachusetts School of Massage and Therapy
Los Angeles Trade-Technical College
xiv Preface
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
• Studentsdevelop a working knowledge ofanatomyand physiologybased upon conceptualunderstanding.
• ClinicalApplicationsbroaden students’ horizonsbeyond the core principles.
• Self-confidence increasesasstudentsmaster medicalterminologyand keyconcepts.
Art Program
Artpresentsand reinforcesthe dynamicprocesses
chapter
within the human body. The Muscular System
DynamicPhotos
give studentsa closer lookinside the wondersofthe human Scanning electron
micrograph ofmotor
bodythrough the technologyofscanning electron micrographs. nmeuusrcolnes fitbeermrsi.n Aa tminugs aclte
fiber receivesthe
stimulusto contractata
neuromuscular junction.
chapter outline & learning objectives Afteryou have studied thischapter, you should be able to:
7.1Functionsand TypesofMuscles 7.3Muscle Responses(p. 122) 7.6Homeostasis(p. 136)
Muscle bmfiubunesdcr llehe a ofsifberssmfibkueemfslirebcuteleasrlcle T tubules nucleus sarcoplasmsreatriccuolpulmasmiccsatolcraiugme sites one myofibril ■■■7■C((pp.o2..nDmtDmNmNfi 11hbeiaatuuu11serMsemmssst 64acbricccee,nr))o ilclli ageee catbdtnhs.sunreyi.d,eiood . sta hcdhsndnoee cidb mss oco ecctopfeturpwniolsSblinnescwekeeefi hctnAnehvtet iletnesvreh e efaofeut u tftt anhntiaohsclce strsmtyMieuikooeaeeynn rusltsee yoaso toplfafoncfeelaclsdsama ekscoteuk heflesd.elc teilanetlal (■■7■■■p.4.CwrCfiDaGnDm 1ecooabeiihas2svhmnnSseojpceioctt4relueokrrsrereaav)sdin . exbsessms.sakett lethumee sthstoshlhltepeowiceaen tllwm ea e rlmltsle-o ohiMtmsunctvwepoas eu tiub otcmthssiclnooshecehedsnl oscn leeyaaswltwss.nbea ooodhoonsfrf fordfkaaeaawo taatsb o mfomctcor-ghttuntyuiew hosebswtcn.iehoctilslcdtee ehhBro ysfi fttmorbaohteedhruegeresiyi roacnlne.d ■■VAMBneinaesDohDsmteootoeedfiuuhmmmsstseiacscceyercrrlo liioseoobabfsysffFeeEtls.ta aoxhsht FseeMoeocimroms wcusu.sisec estcsr oheucilfo eeo(stup mmFhs.i embu1d 3esboi5rscon )ue(d pmalya.s ur1te os1ss7cymt)lsheat aeditnmistc aoawirnnod arekfrfssewca
many myofibrils. Z line one sarcomere Z line sarcolemma ■■EiDmnxeunpsselccarrvliienba techeo ohdnwo tawr nsa dkAce tThilPoeo ntwias. ltmmhaeudysecc olaenv fiatribalaecbrts.lea froer 7■.5DcwheeaEs ancfggrfieeeb.sce ttthshaeot aofncAactugorm iinni cgtah le(ap mn.d u1 sp3chu4yl)sairo sloygstiecaml as
Myofibril has
many sarcomeres.
113
cross-bridge
Sisa rrecloamxeedr.e myosin
actin
Z line AH bzaonnde I band VisualFocus
illustratesdifficultconceptsthatrelate
Sisa croconmtraecrteed. structure to function, using a step-by-
step process.
Figure 7.3 Anatomyofa muscle fiber. A muscle fiber containsmanymyofibrilswith the componentsshown. A myofibrilhasmany
sarcomeresthatcontain myosin and actin filamentswhose arrangementgivesrise to the striationsso characteristicofskeletalmuscle.
Muscle contraction occurswhen sarcomerescontractand actin filamentsslide pastmyosin filaments.
Chapter 7The Muscular System 117
Figure 7.15Musclesofthe posterior shoulder. The righttrapeziusisremoved to show deep musclesthatmove the scapula and the New and Revised Art
rotator cuffmuscles.
focuseson the main conceptsbyusing
concise labeling methodologythat
trapezius keepsstudentsfrom getting bogged
deltoid rcoutfaftor down with excessive detail.
muscles
latissimus dorsi
“The most beautiful thing we can experience
Musclesof the Abdominal Wall Musclesofthe Shoulder is the mysterious. It is the source of all true
The abdominal wall has no bony reinforcement (Fig. 7.14). Muscles of the shoulder are shown in Figures 7.14 and 7.15.
The wall is strengthened by four pairs of muscles that run at They are also listed in Table 7.4 on page 130. The muscles of art and science.”
angles to one another. The external and internal obliques and the shoulder attach the scapula to the thorax and move the
the transversus abdominis occur laterally, but the fasciae of scapula; they also attach the humerus to the scapula and
these muscle pairs meet at the midline of the body, forming a move the arm. – Albert Einstein
tendinous area called the linea alba. The rectus abdominis is
fiil dil i f l
xv
Mader: Understanding Front Matter Preface © The McGraw−Hill
Human Anatomy & Companies, 2004
Physiology, Fifth Edition
bFyigthuer pee r6io.s2teuAmn aetxocmepytoaftat hloen egp bipohnyes.e as.,A w lhoincgh baoren eco ivseernecda bsyed Macro to Micro Presentation
articular cartilage. Spongybone ofthe epiphysescontainsred
bone marrow. The diaphysiscontainsyellow bone marrow and is
bordered bycompactbone. b.The detailed anatomyofspongy helpsstudentsmake the connection between
bone and compactbone isshown in the enlargement, along with a
blowup ofan osteocyte in a lacuna. grossanatomyand microscopicanatomy.
epiphyseal plates
Epiphysis articular cartilage
spongy bone
(contains red
bone marrow)
compact
bone
periosteum endosteum osteon
medullary Spongy Bone lamella
cavity
(contains blood
yellow bone vessel
marrow)
Diaphysis trabeculae
canaliculi
Compact Bone 4.2 Connective Tissue pcehlylss,i ccaoln pnreocptievret iteisss uoef peproitpheerltiiaels taisresu leasr gaerley ddeerriivveedd ffrroomm thites
b. owsittheioncyte blood vessels central canal Cafanotd.n Tnphereoc ttbievocetdi toyi nsus, usfieesll bst ihnsipdsa ssc tseotsrr,u epcdtr uofardetu sf coteorsg eebntlhoeerogrd,y p, crienolvslsui,d laaetnsi odsun sp,t poaornerdst cfihbaerrTasch cteeo rnfiistbtaieicnrss ocwofl ltiahthgeei nnm, ataht resiux m b(sTataatbrnilxce e 4a tr.h2ea )o.t fg itvherse teh tey fipbese.r sW flheixtie-
lacuna organ protection. As a rule, connective tissue cells are widely bility and strength. Yellow fibers contain elastin,which is not
Epiphysis separated by an extracellular matrixcomposed of an organic as strong as collagen but is more elastic. Reticular fibersare very
ground substancethat contains fibersand varies in consistency thin, highly branched, collagenous fibers that form delicate
from solid to semifluid to fluid. Whereas the functional and supporting networks.
a. Humerus
Figure 4.5Loose (areolar) connective tissue. Thistissue hasa loose networkoffibers.
Chapter 6The SkeletalSystem 85 ground
substance
fibroblast
elastic fiber
Correlation ofPhotomicrographs cfioblelargenous
with Line Art
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue
makesiteasier for studentsto identifyspecific LBoectwateieonn :muscles; beneath the skin;
beneath most epithelial layers
structures. FBuinndcsti oonrg:ans together
Plate 6The torso asviewed with the heart, liver, stomach, and portionsofthe smalland large intestinesremoved. (a. (cid:1)artery;
m.(cid:1)muscle; v. (cid:1)vein.)
right internal jugular v. esophagus
right common carotid a. tleraftc shuebaclavian a.
left subclavian v.
left brachiocephalic v.
superior vena cava arch of aorta
right bronchus
pericardial cavity
esophagus descending aorta
pleural cavity diaphragm
Reference Figures
spleen
ofthe human bodyhave been iandfererinoar lv gelnaan dcava celiac a.
added to give studentsan pancreas
right kidney left kidney
additionalresource in the study duodenum superior mesenteric a.
inferior mesenteric a.
ofbodystructure. superior mesenteric v. left common iliac a.
ureter
sartorius m. (cut) dcoelsocne n(cduint)g
sigmoid colon
tensor fascia latae m. (cut) ovary
uterus
rectus
femoris m. (cut)
urinary bladder
rectus femoris m. symphysis pubis
adductor brevis m.
adductor longus m.
vastus lateralis m.
gracilis m. vastus intermedius m.
AppendixA 409
xvi