Table Of ContentUN PEACEKEEPING
PraegerSecurityInternationalAdvisoryBoard
BoardCochairs
LochK.Johnson,RegentsProfessorofPublicandInternationalAffairs,SchoolofPublic
andInternationalAffairs,UniversityofGeorgia(U.S.A.)
PaulWilkinson,ProfessorofInternationalRelationsandChairmanoftheAdvisory
Board,CentrefortheStudyofTerrorismandPoliticalViolence,Universityof
St.Andrews(U.K.)
Members
EliotA.Cohen,RobertE.OsgoodProfessorofStrategicStudiesandDirector,Philip
MerrillCenterforStrategicStudies,PaulH.NitzeSchoolofAdvancedInternational
Studies,TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity(U.S.A.)
AnthonyH.Cordesman,ArleighA.BurkeChairinStrategy,CenterforStrategicand
InternationalStudies(U.S.A.)
The´re`seDelpech,SeniorResearchFellow,CERI(AtomicEnergyCommission),Paris
(France)
SirMichaelHoward,formerProfessorofHistoryofWar,OxfordUniversity,and
ProfessorofMilitaryandNavalHistory,YaleUniversity(U.K.)
LieutenantGeneralClaudiaJ.Kennedy,USA(Ret.),formerDeputyChiefofStafffor
Intelligence,Headquarters,DepartmentoftheArmy(U.S.A.)
PaulM.Kennedy,J.RichardsonDilworthProfessorofHistoryandDirector,International
SecurityStudies,YaleUniversity(U.S.A.)
RobertJ.O’Neill,formerChicheleProfessoroftheHistoryofWar,AllSoulsCollege,
OxfordUniversity(Australia)
ShibleyTelhami,AnwarSadatChairforPeaceandDevelopment,Departmentof
GovernmentandPolitics,UniversityofMaryland(U.S.A.)
JusufWanandi,co-founderandmember,BoardofTrustees,CentreforStrategicand
InternationalStudies(Indonesia)
FareedZakaria,Editor,NewsweekInternational(U.S.A.)
UN PEACEKEEPING
MythandReality
ANDRZEJ SITKOWSKI
Foreword by Tadeusz Mazowiecki
PRAEGERSECURITYINTERNATIONAL
(cid:1)
Westport,Connecticut London
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Sitkowski,Andrzej,1928–
UNpeacekeeping:mythandreality/AndrzejSitkowski;forewordbyTadeuszMazowiecki.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–275–99214–4(alk.paper)
1.UnitedNations—Peacekeepingforces. 2.Peacekeepingforces. I.Title. II.Title:United
Nationspeacekeeping.
JZ6374.S58 2006
341.5(cid:1)84–dc22 2006026027
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable.
Copyright©2006byAndrzejSitkowski
Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe
reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe
expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2006026027
ISBN:0–275–99214–4
Firstpublishedin2006
PraegerSecurityInternational,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881
AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc.
www.praeger.com
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe
PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational
InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
InmemoryofBarbara
“WedonotthinkUnitedNationsfailed,wethinkithasneverbeentried.”
U.S.SenatorWilliamFulbright
“Excellencies,youaretheUnitedNations.”
UnitedNationsSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnantotheheadsofstates
andotherrepresentativesattheGeneralAssemblySessionin
NewYorkonSeptember23,2003.
Contents
Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xiii
Abbreviations xv
Introduction 1
1. Script 13
2. MainActors 21
3. BetrayalinPalestineandItsLegacy(MiddleEast) 39
4. StumblingintoWar(TheCongo) 63
5. MissionAccomplished(Namibia) 77
6. TheFailedAuthority(Cambodia) 87
7. DefeatedbyWarlords(Somalia) 97
8. WitnessestoGenocide(Rwanda) 111
9. ThePredictableDisaster(ex-Yugoslavia) 125
10. TheProspects 143
Appendix:ExtractsfromChaptersVIandVIIoftheUNCharter 155
Notes 159
Index 181
∗
Foreword
the history of mankind is branded with armed conflicts of greater or lesser
cruelty.Inthetwentiethcentury,whichwasnoexception,violentconflagrations
reached, in fact, a tragic peak in the number of mainly civilian victims and in
the scale of abhorrent crimes committed. The drama of the Second World War
and the suffering of victims of the totalitarian Nazi and Stalinist regimes gave
rise to a search for effective international countermeasures. The United Nations
CharterandtheUniversalHumanRightsDeclarationweresupposedtoprovidethe
foundationsofaneworderininternationalrelationswhichwouldmakeitpossible,
notonlytoreacteffectivelytobrutalviolationsofbasichumanrights,butalsoto
preventsuchviolations;astrongdesireprevailedamongthecommunitiesaffected
bywaratrocitiesaswellastheirelite:nomoreAuschwitz,Katyn,Hiroshima,or
mass deportations. The cold war put an early end to such hopes. The genocide
perpetratedonthepeopleofCambodia,thoughwithoutdoubtthelargestinscale,
was only one example of the atrocities committed in defiance of basic human
values.TheUnitedNations,aninternationalorganizationthatcameintoexistence
topreventsuchcrimes,provedtobehelpless.1
TheobjectiveofSolidarnosc,thepopularPolishmovementofthe1980s,was
toreclaimpersonalfreedomanddignitythroughrecognitionandrespectofbasic
human rights. The struggle against the totalitarian regime on the domestic front
wasalsoastruggleforareshapingofinternationalrelations.Boththedemocratic
transformationsinPolandandthecomingdownoftheBerlinWallin1989,along
withitssymbolism,gaverisetoexpectationsthatinternationalorganizationswould
changetheirwaysaswell.SuchhopeslookedclosesttofulfillmentinEurope.
∗TranslatedfromPolishbyIreneuszAdach.
Description:In this book, Andrzej Sitkowski confronts two basic peacekeeping myths. First, the belief that peacekeeping is separate from peace enforcement blurs this difference and undermines the viability of peacekeeping operations. Secondly, it is widely believed that the peacekeepers are allowed to apply for
