Ultra-wideband radio technology

265 Pages·2004·2.552 MB·English

by  Kazimierz Siwiak, Debra McKeown

Ultra-Wideband Radio
Technology

Ultra-Wideband Radio
Technology
Kazimierz Siwiak and Debra McKeown
Both of
TimeDerivativeInc.,
USA
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Contents
Dedication ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xvii
1 History 1
Introduction 1
1.1 The Basics of Radio 1
1.2 The History of Radio 6
1.3 About the Technology of the Time 14
1.4 Wireless Becomes Radio: The Era of Broadcasting and Regulations 14
1.5 Advantages in Wider Bandwidths 15
1.6 Radio Takes Another Wider-band Step 16
1.7 Still Wider has More Advantages 17
1.8 Summary 18
References 19
Further Reading 20
2 The Regulatory Climate 21
Introduction 21
2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum: “Separation by Wavelength” 21
2.2 Radio Regulations 24
2.3 Adoptionof UWB in theUnited States 27
2.4 Summary of First Report and Order 29
2.5 Regulations in Asia: The UFZ in Singapore 32
2.6 Regulation Activities in the European Union (EU) 34
2.7 Summary 35
References 37
3 UWB in Standards 39
Introduction 39
3.1 High Data Rate UWB Standards Activitiesin IEEE 40
3.1.1 AnOFDMApproachtoUWB 44
vi Contents
3.1.2 ADS-UWBApproachtoUWB 45
3.1.3 ATD/FDMAApproachtoUWB 48
3.2 Positioningand Location in UWB Standards 50
3.3 European Standards Efforts 50
3.4 Summary 52
References 52
4 Generating and Transmitting UWB Signals 55
Introduction 55
4.1 UWB Signal Definitions 58
4.2 Approaches to Generating UWB Signals 59
4.2.1 UWBSignalDesign 60
4.2.2 PrecisionSignalDesign 62
4.2.3 CalculatingPowerforRepetitivelySentPulses 65
4.3 Signal Pulse Design Examples 68
4.3.1 PulseDesignConstraints 68
4.3.2 ChoosingaPulseShape 69
4.4 UWB System Band Plans 72
4.5 Overlaying Precision Pulses 75
4.6 Signal Modulation 77
4.6.1 PPMModulation 79
4.6.2 M-aryBi-OrthogonalKeyingModulation 80
4.6.3 PulsePolarity,BPSK,andQPSKModulation 81
4.6.4 PulseAmplitudeModulation 82
4.6.5 TransmittedReferenceModulation 83
4.7 Summary 86
References 86
5 Radiationof UWB Signals 89
Introduction 89
5.1 Short Pulse Radiation Process 90
5.1.1 TheFar-fieldofanArbitraryAntenna 92
5.1.2 TheFar-fieldofanIdealInfinitesimalRadiator 96
5.2 The Receiving Antenna 96
5.2.1 TheArbitrarilyShapedReceivingAntenna 97
5.2.2 TheInfinitesimalReceivingAntenna 99
5.2.3 TransmissioninFreeSpaceBetweenConstantGainAntennas 100
5.2.4 TransmissionwithaConstantApertureReceivingAntenna 101
5.3 Transmitted,Radiated, and Received Signals 102
5.3.1 SimulationsUsingWidebandSignals 102
5.3.2 UWBatModerateBandwidths 106
5.4 Some AntennaEffects in UWB 107
5.4.1 TheTE10ModeHornAntenna 108
5.4.2 TheDipole-fedParabolicReflectorAntenna 109
5.4.3 WidebandAntennaConsiderations 111
5.5 Summary 111
References 112
Contents vii
6 Propagation of UWB Signals 115
Introduction 115
6.1 Signal Propagation in Free Space 116
6.2 Propagation with a Ground Reflection 117
6.2.1 UWBandTime-harmonicSignalswithaGroundReflection 119
6.2.2 DesignExampleofa2-GHzUWBWideSignal 121
6.2.3 EIRPofthe2-GHzBandwidthPulse 124
6.2.4 Propagationofa2-GHz-WideUWBSignalNeartheGround 125
6.3 Propagation of UWB Impulses in Multipath 128
6.3.1 AnImpulsePropagatingthroughaBuilding 129
6.3.2 MultipathandDelaySpread 132
6.3.3 UWBSignalsPropagatinginMultipath 134
6.3.4 RelationtoMaximumRakeGain 139
6.3.5 TheSBYMedianMultipathPropagationModel 139
6.3.6 ShadowingVariationandStatisticalLinkDesign 140
6.3.7 PropagationModelsandParameters 141
6.4 Summary 142
References 143
7 Receiving UWB Signals 147
Introduction 147
7.1 Reception of UWB Signals 148
7.2 Noiseand Interference 149
7.3 Receiver-detector Efficiency 150
7.4 Efficiency of Simple Templates 154
7.5 The Self-correlating Receiver 156
7.6 Summary 156
References 157
8 UWB System Limits and Capacity 159
Introduction 159
8.1 Limits in Communications 160
8.1.1 Noise 160
8.1.2 Shannon’sCapacityFormula 161
8.1.3 CommunicationEfficiencyofVariousModulations 163
8.1.4 RegulatoryLimits 165
8.1.5 AntennaAperturesandPropagation 166
8.2 The UWB Fundamental Limit 168
8.2.1 FundamentalLimitforUWB 168
8.2.2 FundamentalLimitforConventionalSystems 172
8.3 UWB Wireless Links 173
8.3.1 UWBLinkBudgets 173
8.3.2 ReceiverSensitivityandSystemGain 175
8.3.3 AdvantageofUWBinNon-AWGNChannels 176
8.4 Link Capacity 178
8.4.1 AUWBLinkinMultipath 179
8.4.2 ACapacityModelforUWB 180
viii Contents
8.4.3 CapacityModelforIEEE802.11a 182
8.4.4 CapacityModelforIEEE802.11b 183
8.4.5 ComparingUWBwiththe802s 184
8.5 Summary 185
References 186
9 Applications and Future Directions 189
Introduction 189
9.1 A Time Lineof Wireless 190
9.2 UWB Applications 192
9.2.1 CommunicationsandSensors 193
9.2.2 PositionLocationandTracking 197
9.2.3 Radar 199
9.3 UWB Over Wires 199
9.4 Summary 200
References 201
Appendix A Excerpts from the FCC First Report and Order 203
I. Introduction 203
II. ExecutiveSummary 204
FCC 02–48 Appendix D – Changes to the Regulations 207
Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation 209
Appendix B Summary of Multipath Model for IEEE P802.15.3a 225
Channel Characteristics Desired to Model 227
References 230
Appendix C Free-space Transmissionof Pulses 231
Pulse Equationsand Pulse Energy 231
Energy Density and AntennaPattern 233
The Friis Transmission Formula with Constant-gain Antennas 234
Constant-apertureReceive Antenna 234
References 236
Appendix D Glossary 237
Definitionsand Constants 237
Index 241
... for Ken who grew weary of explaining UWB to strangers in
grocery store parking lots... Now you can tell them, “Buy the
book!”