Table Of ContentTypology of Industrialization Processes
in the Nineteenth Century
FUNDAMENTALS OF PURE
AND APPLIED ECONOMICS
EDITORS IN CHIEF
J. LESOURNE, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers,
Paris, France
H. SONNENSCHEIN, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA, USA
ADVISORY BOARD
K. ARROW, Stanford, CA, USA
W. BAUMOL, Princeton, NJ, USA
W. A. LEWIS, Princeton, NJ, USA
S. TSURU, Tokyo, Japan
Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics is an international series
of titles divided by discipline into sections. A list of sections and their
editors and of published titles may be found at the back of this volume.
Typology of Industrialization
Processes in the Nineteenth Century
Sidney Pollard
Bielefeld University, Federal Republic of Germany
A volume in the Economic History section
edited by
P. David, Stanford University, USA
and
M. Levy-Leboyer, Universite Paris X, France
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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First published 1990 by Harwood Academic Publishers
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pollard. Sidney.
Typology of industrialization processes in the Nineteenth century/
Sidney Pollard.
p. cm. - (fundamentals of pure and applied economics,
ISSN 0191-1708; v. 39)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 3-7186-5007-X
I. Industrialization-History-I 9th century-Case studies.
2. Economic development-History-19th century--(:ase studies.
3. Industry and state-History-19th century--(:ase studies.
I. Title. II. Series.
HD232I.P64 1990
338.94'009'034-dc20
89-24670
CIP
Contents
Introduction to the Series vii
INTRODUCTION 1
Regional Patterns of Industrialization 6
PART 1. BRITAIN AND WESTERN EUROPE 7
1.1. Great Britain: The Pioneer Industrial Revolution 7
Slow Rate of Growth 7
Capital Investment and War 11
Structural Transformation 15
Causes 18
The International Setting 20
Social Consequences 21
1.2. Belgium: The First Industrializer on the Continent 23
Industrial Change 23
Policies and Causes 25
1.3. Switzerland 27
1.4. France - An Alternative Type? 29
Slow Growth and a Choice of Models 29
Structure and Industrialization 34
The Role of the State 39
France's Role in the World 41
PART 2. RAILWAYS AND COMPETITION: GERMANY
AND THE USA 42
2.1. Germany, the Model Follower-on 42
Growth and Transformation 42
Structural Change 45
The Railways as Leading Sector 51
Banking and Finance 52
The Export Economy 54
The Role of the State 56
2.2. The USA: Industrialization on a Primary Commodity Base 58
The American Model of Industrialization 58
The Transport Revolution 62
Agriculture and Mining 65
Economic Growth 67
The Role of the State 72
V
VI CONTENTS
PART 3. THE LATECOMERS, AND PROSPECTS FOR
THE TWENTIETH CENTURY 1A
3.1. Russia 74
3.2. Japan 81
3.3. Into the Twentieth Century 87
Notes 88
References 91
Index 103
Introduction to the Series
Drawing on a personal network, an economist can still relatively easily
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Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics has been created to
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Three aspects of Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics should
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retical or mathematical economics.
—Second, the project is open-ended and the number of books is not
predetermined. If new and interesting areas appear, they will gener
ate additional books.
Vll
VIU INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES
—Last, all the books making up each section will later be grouped to
constitute one or several volumes of an Encyclopedia of Economics.
The editors of the sections are outstanding economists who have
selected as authors for the series some of the finest specialists in the
world.
/. Lesourne H. Sonnenschein
Typology of Industrialization
Processes in the Nineteenth
Century
SIDNEY POLLARD
Bielefeld University, Federal Republic of Germany
INTRODUCTION
Among economic historians, the "process of industrialization'* is a
technical term. It is not to be understood as implying that there was no
industry before its onset. On the contrary, in many European countries
as well as in some countries outside Europe industrial activity had
existed for many hundreds of years before ''industrialization'* set in.
Nor is it to be understood to mean that the development of industry
was necessarily central to it. Very often it was, but in some countries, it
was the transformation of the primary sector, agriculture or forestry in
particular, that was the key feature .In more recent years, the technical
transformation or modernization of the services sector has sometimes
played an important part.
Essentially, what is implied by the term ' 'industrialization* * is a
major economic change, affecting ultimately all sectors of the
economy, in which output is increased, efficiency raised and new
products are being produced, by methods involving new technologies
and the enlarged use of capital. These, in turn, also necessarily involve
improved means of transport, of communication and of trading, the
application of science, the transformation of relations between
employer and employed, the building of factories and of other large
units of production such as mines or shipyards, a minimum standard of
literacy, the adaptation of the legal system to strengthen the security of
private property, or specifying the limits of public property, and other
related features.
Most of these are rather vague specifications lacking precise
l
