Table Of ContentJill'I TNUQRUIIYRAYANDI N TOT ANHE ICNADTIUANSP "AoS DTOACTTERSIO NFE IC NON ASDCVIAOIUTSANV EESDSAND"TOC AT:R INE
ANDREW OSMUN FORT
A DISSERTATION
in
RELIGIOUSS TUDIES
Presentedt o the GrdduateF acultieso f the Universityo f Pennsylvania
in PartialF ulfillmento f the Requirementfso r the Degreeo f Doctor
of Philosophy.
1982
GraduateG roup Ch rperson
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Tom yp arentwsh,o m adei ta llp ossible,
andt oS haronw,h ob orew ithi t.
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l'�CKNOWLEDGMENTS
I firswta ntt ot hanmky a dvisorGsu,y W elboann dW il
helmH albfastsh,e f ormepra rticulafrolryp ressimnegt o
everg reatecrl arittyh,e l attefro rh isc losree ading and
manyh elpfuslu ggestions.
Manyi nt heU niversiotfyP ennsylvanSioau'tsAh s ia
StudieDse partmeansts istmeed, i ncludimnygH indtie achers
Surendarnad V ijaGya mbhirR.o sanReo chearl sot aughmte
Hindain dh elpewdi thg rantwritiLnugd.o R ocheru'nsf ailing
courteasriyd g enerosiitnyt eachian gn eophyStaen skritist
werea constainnts piration.
Supporatl soc amef romt eachearnsd c olleaguienst he
ReligioSutsu dieDse partmeanttP enn.T hed ebateosn IImeth
adloo gyw"e ree xtremehleyl pfuiln;t hisr egardI, a mp ar
ticularglrya teftuolS tevDeu nning.
TheA mericIanns tituotfeI ndiaSnt udiefsu ndeadn d
supportmeed f ora yeari nI ndiat;h eiPro onrae presentative,
Mr.B handarwea,s o fg reaats sistancTeh.e s tafoff t he
BhandarkIanrs titutees,p ecialDlry.R ahurkaanrd M r.M an
jul,a lsod eservmea nyt hanksA.m ontgh es wamiasn do thers
withw homI talkeidn I ndiaI, p articulawralnytt ot hank
memberosf theS hivananadnadK ailasAas hramisn R ishikesh,
theK aivalDyhaa mi n Lonavlaan,d D r.B asuo ft heA urobindo
Ashram.
iii
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Final,l ywIa ntt om entiotnh resep eciadle bts.T he
firsits t ot hel ateDr .T .G . Mainkaorf t heB handarkIanr-
stitutae ,t ruek aly�aa-mitraA.l wayasc cessibklien,d a,n d
helpfuhle,w ast hek indo f advisoerv ervyi sitotro India
dreamosf . Thes econids t oT risMhu mm,e withw homI have
sharemdu chf rienddliys cussi(oann hdo td ebatIe a)n dw ho
providtehde k indo fs upporsto v aluabilneg raduate school.
Thet hirda,n db iggesdte,b ti s toB obK raf,t chairmoafn
theR eligious StDuedpiaerst menHte.h asb eena majoirn -
fluencaes a na dvisoarn ds choalr, givintgi mea nda ttention
whenI needeidt m ost.I hopet oc ontribuatsem ucht oo thers
ash eh asc ontributtoem de .
iv
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TABLOEFC ONTENTS
ACKNOWLEOGMENTS iii
ABBRAETVIIONS vii
Chapter
I.I NTRODUCTION
Outlindei seorsft ation
Thea dvaictoinnt eoxftt h ec atusdpoacdt rine
Definitoifoc no nsciousn6 ess
II.T HEC ATUSDPOACoT RBIENFEO TRHEEM iiNDiiKY·UA PA-
NI�A• D: • • • • • • • • • • • :• • • • •• • 14
ThdeoB crhtardi.an rea Unpyaa.nk iaas nadtd h ec at.u spad
TheC handougpnyaais ada ndt hec atusdpoacdt rine
TheM atir iU pani'a=l' nadtd hec atuli"paa doctrine
II.IT URIANDY AT HEC ATU!!DPOA!:oT RIIN!!T EH EMAlJ!? UKYA
UPANI�ANDA D GAUI?DAAP'A KSA RIKA• S•· • • • • 2•9•
TheM aJ}.q.UUkpyaan ill'tarda:n sl,an toietosna,n d
comments
Thef irsprta karoafGJ}. aau q.a1ps a kdaar ais:k
transl,an toitsoe,na ndc omments
IV.� lINKARA ONT URIAYNAD THE CATU�PAo D5O2 CTRINE
�aGnakuaIds ra ca1pos amm kdeiianr tioaknrat ysh eM a•n. duaknyda
Turiiyna� af1kIas r laa tewrr itings
Endnootnpe r il}-a
V.� ANKARAS' C ONCEPOTFID OENES PL EEP 74
Deespel epa ccordtio�n agtJ. kIas r Uap a.n isad
s�o��;�!;����er�a Jikara
Summaroyfd eveloptmhernotus�ag nhk ara
TuriiynaY ogaan dB uddhism
�:� �
VI. ANDT� E c.:-T����O�T�I�� T�R
• • • • 93
The" min"o Urpani,ads
.
v
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Selteecdl ateard vaitteixnt s
Thec atUf:dpoacdt riinnt eh eY ogav��ahsai
VII.M ODECRONN CEPTOIFTO UNRSI AYNADT HEC ATUSPAo
DOCTRI•N E• • • • • • • • • •• • 1•2 5 • • •
Thec atusdpoacdt rainndme o desrwna mis
§'rIA urobionntd hoe c atusdpoacdt rine
Thes earfcohrt he" ocmmonc or"e
VIII.C ONUCSLI:OT NRAPNESR NSAOLP SYCHOANLDO GY
ADVAIT.A. ... . . . . . .. . . .14.0
Reviews eloefc tmeajdo ird eas
Tranrsspoenpasly cho:ls oogmbyea ckground
Transperpssoyncahloa lnodEg ays tern thought
CharleTsa rotn t hen atuorfec onisocussnse
APPENDICES 164
�atikaornat heo mm antra
The" moinru"p aiiT�aodnts u ryla: lai sotf r eferences
Tur1:aysaa Ib1raisnt a1lt e
INDEX 178
BIBLGIRAOPHY 185
vi
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ABBREVIATIONS
Ait.:A itarUepynaai sad
p
Ba:UB rhadaraUnaynaiksaa d
BG:B h�gavag.Idt-a •
BS:B rahma-sutra
ChUC:h andoUgpyaa�na id
GK:G a�uapada-karika
MaUM:a� �Ukyuap a�naid
RV:R gveda
�B:�a tapatha-brahinana
�ve.t:�v et�aa�tarUpaa nil!'ad
Tati.:T aittyiaur pia�naid
VS:V edasnatraa
YV:Y ogasvi��aha
vii
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CHAPTIE R
INTRODUCTION
ManIyn ditahni enrk,sp asatn dp res,eh natvseh own
ani ntreesitn c onisocussnsse tataensdt hierb as.i sOne
traditifoonruamlla tiiosn lceadtl hec at�puad (ofurIIf ace'
orp artd)o ctnre;i thissc hehmaesr ootisnt hee arlUyp ani
sadasn dm entitohnrses et aets:w aki(ngjg ara,td )ream
(vsapan), adnede, pd relaemsssel ep( us�upta!iA) f.o ur,t h
turyia,i sa ddetdot hesset atbeyst het imteh eM az;�iikya
upa�naida ppres.a Thifso ur"ttsha t"e isl atearn alyazte d
somlee ngitnht hea dvtaaiV edanstcaho ol,p articublya rly
thes chool'5 progeonr,isG ta�uapadaan ds' anrka.a Int heir
vie,wt uridyeais gnattehseu ndifferesnutbisatutrme!ad t
sourocfet hec onditisotnaetodef sc onscisosua snndie s
ideinctawli th utlhtei m,an toen-drueaally i,bt rah.m an
Int hidsi sserta,t iwoIin ltlr acteh ed evelopment
andm odfiitciaonosft heM a��Ukya!adcvoanicteap tion of
turiaynadt hec at�PUadd octJ:".1iM nyep rimaariymi st oi l
lumintahtieas s peocfta dvaitthionu gfhotrI ndoglios;t s
a secondaairmiy s mtaok ae n on-Wesstteartne sc onoisfoc us-
nesssc heemmep shiaizngn on-wasktiantgme osr aec csesible
I
Thee mpshiasi so nt hec hangients h e atdivnca oin
cept,in oonto nt heh isortya ndu sagoefst het erm(slk ie
turI)y ianvol.v ed
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top sychologiasntdos t herisn terestiends uchs tatels .
IntroductitoonI sn diatnh oughotf temne ntiotnu rIya
andt hec at�upadd octri,n yeett herhea sb eenl ittlcel ose
analysoifst hiss chem2e .N umeroculsa ssicaanld m oderInn
diant extasl sod iscustsh ec at�upadd octrinbeu,t a gain
theries l ittlsey stematainca lysipsa,r ticularly regarding
deeps leeapn dt urIya.
Amonmgo derInn diaann dW estern schoolnalryTs .,M .P .
Mahadevtaank eusp t hea dvatii n:; CQnc�pt_o ifo_ n' t�y-uraa ta ny
3
lengtha,n de venh eret het reatmeinstf arf rome xhaustive.
Ane xcelleanrtt iclbey D ipaBkh attachadriysac ussmeasi nly
pre-G�aaUpaduas ageosf t uri4y,a thusi tf ocussoensa ne ar-
lones uchg roupt,r anspersopnsaylc'h ologiwsitlsl,b e
discussiendt hec onclusioTnh.i st hesiiss n oti ntendteod
"explaitnh!ec! a tuspdaodc triinnel ighotf a Westerpns ych
ologicfarla meworkt'oo lIra dapitt"t oc ertaiWne stercna te
goriesI, havef ocusstehdr oughoountt heI ndiana,n dp ar
ticularaldyv atii n,c onte.•x t
2
Referencaerseo nt heo rdeorf ," There cognitoifo n
thef ourc hiesft ateosf i ndividucaoln sciousn.e•ss. h as
playead v eryl argpea rti nt hel aterm,o res ystematized
Vedant"a (.R.D . RanadeA, C onstructSiuvrev eoyf Upani�adic
Philosop[hPyo o:n OarientBaolo kA gency1,9 26Jp,. 1 40).
AccorditnogK arlP otter",th eM anduksycah emaen dG auda-
padIas espousoafli t • . .n eedcsa'r efuclo nsiderna.tI Ii o
(PresuppositoifoI nnsd iIsa Philosoph[iEensg lewColoidf fs,
N.J .; Prentice-H1a96ll31,, p .2 26).R adhakrishannadn
Mooraes"s ertth att heM anduk"yhaa sgi vetno I ndiatnh ought
thef amoutsh eoroyf t he' :tsotuart eosf c onsciousn• es. s •
Bothp sychologicaanldml eyt aphysictahlilsdy o ctrihnaes h ad
greaitn fluenocnes ubsequeInntd iatnh ough"t (.AS ourcebook
inI ndiaPnh ilosop[hPyr inocne:t PrincetUonni vP.r ess1,9 57],
p.5 5).
2GaUdpaad:a A Studiyn E arlAyd vait(aM adra1s9,7 5).
3
"TheD octrionfeF ouri nt heU panisadsJ.o"u rnaolf
IndiaPnh ilosop6h (yS ept1.9,7 8:) 1-34.•
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lierp eriotdh and oesm yw ork.R eferencteost urIyian t he
wrtii ngosf t hinkearfst eGra �uapadhaa veb eena lmoscto m
pleteliyg nored.
Outlinoef" Disserta.tion
Thei ntroductbieogni nbsy d iscussisnogm ep ointisn
theo ntoloagnyd e pistemoloofga yd vaita Vedpaanrttai,c ular
lyS anka'r avsi ews..T hesvei ewpsr ovidteh ec ontexfto ra
closedre scriptoifot nu rIyaan dt hec at:upadd octriinne
thea dvaitcionn textT.h enf ollowdse finitiaonndd iscussion
oft het ermcso nsciousnaensdss t atoef c onscious..n ess
Thec entraplo rtioonf t hed issertatdieosnc ribtehse
developmoefnt tu rIyaan dt hec at:upadd octrineI. f irst
considseorm ep re-�M�aukyar eferencteost hec at:upads cheme
whicahr ei mportatnott hee arlayd vaitiinnt erpretation.
Ane xamplies p sychologiscpaelc ulatiinop no rtioonfst he
B:hada�ryaakaa ndC handoguypaa n�aidsw hicdhi scusses the
relatisvieg nificaonfcw ea kingd,r eama,n ds lee..p
Thes econda,n dl ongespto,r tioann alyztehse r ole
oft urIyaas a philosophical icnoe nacrelpaytd vaitaT.h e
analysiinsc ludtersa nslatiownist,hn oteasn dc ommentosf,
theM ax;�ukyaU pan:aida ndt hef irsptr akax;raa ofG a�Uapadsa '
karikaosn t heM aU.!:
�aiikarsa u'n derstandoifn tgu rIyaan dt hec at:upad
I
Botht extasr es hortw,e ll-knoawnnd,c ruciaflo r
explicattiunrgI yaan dt hec atuspdaodc trineM.a nys eet he
MaUa ss rutain dt hek arikaass t'h eb asiecx planatoifo n
theM aU'csa ut:;p;add octrine.
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