Table Of ContentTransnational Policing and Sex Trafficking
in Southeast Europe
TransnationalCrime,CrimeControlandSecurity
EditorialBoard:
Peter Andreas, Brown University, USA, Vida Bajc, Methodist University, USA,
Benjamin Bowling, King’s College London, UK, Stanley Cohen, London
SchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,UK,AndrewDawson,Universityof
Melbourne,Australia,BenoîtDupont,UniversityofMontreal,Canada,Nicholas
Fyfe,UniversityofDundee,UK,AndrewGoldsmith,UniversityofWollongong,
Australia, Kevin Haggerty, University of Alberta, Canada, Jef Huysmans,
Open University, UK, Robert Latham, York University, Canada, Stéphane
Leman-Langlois, Laval University, Canada, Michael Levi, Cardiff University,
UK, Monique Marks, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, Valsamis
Mitsilegas, Queen Mary, University of London, UK,Ethan Nadelmann, Drug
Policy Alliance, USA, John Torpey, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA,
FedericoVarese,UniversityofOxford,UK
Titlesinclude:
AlexanderKupatadze
ORGANIZEDCRIMEANDSTATEFORMATIONINPOST-SOVIETEURASIA
VidaBajc
SECURITY,SURVEILLANCEANDTHEOLYMPICGAMES
Transnational Policing and
Sex Trafficking in
Southeast Europe
Policing the Imperialist Chain
Georgios Papanicolaou
SchoolofSocialSciencesandLaw,TeessideUniversity,UK
Palgrave
macmillan
©GeorgiosPapanicolaou2011
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-24612-6
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ISBN 978-1-349-31929-9 ISBN 978-0-230-30650-9(eBook)
DOI10.1057/9780230306509
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Papanicolaou,Georgios,1973–
TransnationalpolicingandsextraffickinginsoutheastEurope:policing
theimperialistchain/GeorgiosPapanicolaou.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
1. Humantrafficking—BalkanPeninsula. 2. Police—BalkanPeninsula—
Internationalcooperation. 3. Transnationalcrime—Prevention—
Internationalcooperation. I. Title.
HQ281.P362011
364.1(cid:2)35—dc22 2011004153
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11
Contents
ListofTablesandFigures viii
Acknowledgements ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 ThechallengeofMirage 3
1.2 ExplainingMirage:Amaterialistcritiqueandthesis 6
1.3 Data 9
1.4 Thechaptersofthisbook 10
2 TheStudyofTransnationalPolicing 13
2.1 Towardsacritique:Theoreticalproduction 13
2.1.1 Ideologiesandtheproductionofknowledge 15
2.1.2 Questioningtheproductionofknowledgeof
transnationalpolicing 18
2.2 Thetheoryoftransnationalpolicing:Acritical
assessment 20
2.2.1 Theideaoftransnationalpolicing 22
2.2.2 Acriticalappraisal 27
2.3 Ideologicalobstaclesinthetheoryoftransnational
policing 33
2.4 Criticalgapsinthestudyoftransnationalpolicing
fromamaterialistviewpoint 42
3 Imperialism,theStateandthePolice 55
3.1 Thestateandthepolice 57
3.1.1 Statepowerandstateapparatus 59
3.1.2 Thecapitaliststateandthepolice 64
3.2 Imperialismandthepolice 72
3.2.1 Imperialismandthestate 76
3.2.2 Policingtheimperialistchain:Atentative
vocabularyfortransnationalpolicing 81
4 TheGlobalProhibitionRegimeonHumanTrafficking 88
4.1 Emergenceoftheanti-traffickingregime 88
4.1.1 Originsofthenewregime 89
v
vi Contents
4.1.2 There-emergenceofthetraffickingdiscourse 93
4.1.3 Theanti-traffickingregime,transnationalactors
andideology 96
4.2 Contoursofthenewregime:Sexwork
andinternationalmigrationcontrol 100
4.3 Statepower:Diffusionandenforcementoftheregime 110
5 PoliticsandPolicingSexTraffickinginSoutheastEurope 116
5.1 EmergenceofSECI:Internationalpowerstrugglesover
SoutheastEurope 117
5.1.1 Widerorigins 117
5.1.2 Anembarrassmentofdiplomaticriches 122
5.1.3 USinitiativeandtheframeworkofSECI 124
5.2 Themakingof‘aplacegoodforbusiness’:Anote
onpowerstruggleswithinSoutheastEurope 129
5.2.1 Economicsandpoliticsofthetransition
period 129
5.2.2 Makingendsmeet:Thequestionoftheinformal
economy 132
5.2.3 Feminisationofpovertyandmigration 136
5.3 InsidetheSECICentre:OperationMirage
anditsorganisation 141
5.3.1 Mission,governanceandsupport 142
5.3.2 PoliceworkattheSECICentre 145
5.3.3 ImplementingMirage:Structure,problemsand
results 149
6 PolicingSexTraffickinginGreece 156
6.1 Theanti-traffickingregimeinGreece:Advent 157
6.1.1 Prostitutionanditsregulatoryframework 158
6.1.2 Prostitution,migrationandthe‘modern
slavery’discourse 159
6.1.3 Actorsintheanti-traffickingcampaign 163
6.2 Prostitutionandtrafficking:Whatdowereally
know? 170
6.2.1 Theknowledgebaseofanti-trafficking
advocacy 170
6.2.2 Exploringtheofficialimage 173
6.2.3 Whoarethetraffickers? 179
6.3 Understandingtheanti-traffickingregimeinGreece 182
6.3.1 Thenewlegalapparatus 184
Contents vii
6.3.2 PolicyandorganisationalchangesinGreek
policing 186
6.3.3 Logicsofthenewsecurityapparatus 193
7 Conclusion:TheMirageofTransnationalPolicing 198
Notes 204
References 210
Index 238
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
5.1 UnemploymentrateinselectedSECIcountries,
1991–2002 135
5.2 Netmigrationflows(rateandabsolute)ofselected
SECIcountries,1990–2005 137
5.3 Maleandfemalemigrantpopulationsbycountryof
origininGreece,2001 140
5.4 USDepartmentofStateTIPReportTierplacementof
SECIcountries,2001–2006 152
6.1 USDepartmentofStatetraffickinginpersonsreportof
Greece,2001–2006 166
6.2 Prostitutedpersons,transactionsandincomegenerated
1990–2002(Lazos) 171
6.3 Traffickingvictims1999,2003–2007 176
6.4 Victimsidentifiedandvictimsassisted2003–2007 177
6.5 Humantraffickingoffenders2003–2007 179
6.6 Numberofmembersofcriminalorganisationsunder
investigation,2003–2005 181
Figures
5.1 OrganisationalstructureoftheSECIRegionalCentre 146
5.2 Arrangementof(policeandcustoms)liaisonofficer’shall
atSECI,Bucharest 146
5.3 TheMirageOperationsnetwork 150
viii
Acknowledgements
Manypeoplehavehelpedthisbookmaterialise.ProfessorsDavidSmith,
Bill Gilmore and Richard Sparks offered unwavering support for the
project at its most challenging phases, and there were several. I would
haveaccomplishedverylittlewithoutthegeneroushelpoftheremark-
ableindividualsIinterviewedinBucharestandAthens.Thecomments
and observations of the series editors, Jim Sheptycki and Anastassia
Tsoukala, helped me significantly improve the original manuscript.
Since my arrival at Teesside, Georgios Antonopoulos has become a
great intellectual companion and his scholarship and passion are con-
stant inspiration for me. I have also benefited greatly from discussions
withandadvicefromMarkCowling,RobMacDonald,CarrieSingleton,
PhilipWhitehead,PaulCrawshawandVassilisPaipais.Ithankthemall.
ThefinalwordofgratitudeisforthewomanIlove:thisbookwouldnot
havebeenpossibleatallwithoutMagda’slove,supportandpatience.
Parts of the text and the tables in Chapter 6 are included here with
kind permission from Springer Science + Business Media: Trends in
OrganisedCrime,‘Thesexindustry,humantraffickingandtheglobalpro-
hibition regime: a cautionary tale from Greece’, 11(4), 2008, Georgios
Papanicolaou,Tables1–6.
ix
