Toxicity Testing for Assessment of Environmental Agents: Interim Report

271 Pages·2006·2.04 MB·English

by  Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents

Toxicity Testing for Assessment
of Environmental Agents
Interim Report

Committee on Toxicity Testing and
Assessment of Environmental Agents

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Institute for Laboratory Animal Research

Division on Earth and Life Studies
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti-
tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen
for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was supported by Contract No. 68-C-03-081 between the National Academy
of Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, con-
clusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support
for this project.

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are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

COMMITTEE ON TOXICITY TESTING AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS

Members

DANIEL KREWSKI (Chair), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON
DANIEL ACOSTA, JR., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
MELVIN ANDERSEN, CIIT Centers for Health Research, Research Triangle Park, NC
HENRY ANDERSON, Wisconsin Division of Public Health, Madison
JOHN BAILAR III, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
KIM BOEKELHEIDE, Brown University, Providence, RI
ROBERT BRENT, Thomas Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE
GAIL CHARNLEY, HealthRisk Strategies, Washington, DC
VIVIAN CHEUNG, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
SIDNEY GREEN, Howard University, Washington, DC
KARL KELSEY, Harvard University, Boston, MA
NANCY KERKVLIET, Oregon State University, Corvallis
ABBY LI, Exponent, Inc., San Francisco, CA
GEORGE LUCIER, Consultant, Pittsboro, NC
LAWRENCE MCCRAY, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
OTTO MEYER, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Søborg, Denmark
D. REID PATTERSON, Reid Patterson Consulting, Inc., Grayslake, IL
WILLIAM PENNIE, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT
ROBERT SCALA, Exxon Biomedical Sciences (Ret.), Tucson, AZ
GINA SOLOMON, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, CA
MARTIN STEPHENS, The Humane Society of the United States, Washington, DC
JAMES YAGER, JR., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
LAUREN ZEISE, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland

Staff

ELLEN MANTUS, Study Director
ROBERTA WEDGE, Study Director (through January 2005)
JOANNE ZURLO, Board Director
JENNIFER OBERNIER, Program Officer
NORMAN GROSSBLATT, Senior Editor
JENNIFER D. ROBERTS, Postdoctoral Research Associate
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Research Associate
JORDAN CRAGO, Senior Project Assistant
LUCY FUSCO, Senior Project Assistant
ALEXANDRA STUPPLE, Senior Editorial Assistant

Sponsor

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

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BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Members

JONATHAN M. SAMET (Chair), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
RAMON ALVAREZ, Environmental Defense, Austin, TX
JOHN M. BALBUS, Environmental Defense, Washington, DC
THOMAS BURKE, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
DALLAS BURTRAW, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
JAMES S. BUS, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
COSTEL D. DENSON, University of Delaware, Newark
E. DONALD ELLIOTT, Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, Washington, DC
J. PAUL GILMAN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
SHERRI W. GOODMAN, Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, VA
JUDITH A. GRAHAM, American Chemistry Council, Arlington, VA
DANIEL S. GREENBAUM, Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA
WILLIAM P. HORN, Birch, Horton, Bittner and Cherot, Washington, DC
ROBERT HUGGETT, Michigan State University (emeritus), East Lansing
JAMES H. JOHNSON, JR., Howard University, Washington, DC
JUDITH L. MEYER, University of Georgia, Athens
PATRICK Y. O’BRIEN, ChevronTexaco Energy Technology Company, Richmond, CA
DOROTHY E. PATTON, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC
STEWARD T.A. PICKETT, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY
DANNY D. REIBLE, University of Texas, Austin
JOSEPH V. RODRICKS, ENVIRON International Corporation, Arlington, VA
ARMISTEAD G. RUSSELL, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
LISA SPEER, Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, NY
KIMBERLY M. THOMPSON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
MONICA G. TURNER, University of Wisconsin, Madison
MARK J. UTELL, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
CHRIS G. WHIPPLE, ENVIRON International Corporation, Emeryville, CA
LAUREN ZEISE, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland

Senior Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Sciences and
Engineering
KULBIR BAKSHI, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
K. JOHN HOLMES, Senior Program Officer
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer
SUZANNE VAN DRUNICK, Senior Program Officer
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Senior Editor

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INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

Members

PETER A. WARD (Chair), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
STEPHEN W. BARTHOLD, University of California, Davis
WILLIAM C. CAMPBELL, Drew University, Madison, NJ
JEFFREY EVERITT, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park,
NC
MICHAEL F. FESTING, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
ESTELLE B. GAUDA, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
JANET C. GONDER, Pinehurst, NC
COENRAAD F.M. HENDRIKSEN, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment,
Bilthoven, Netherlands
JAY R. KAPLAN, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
HILTON J. KLEIN, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
WILLIAM MORTON, University of Washington, Seattle
RANDALL J. NELSON, University of Tennessee, Memphis
ABIGAIL SMITH, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
MICHAEL K. STOSKOPF, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
PETER THERAN, Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Boston

Staff

JOANNE ZURLO, Director
KATHLEEN BEIL, Administrative Assistant

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OTHER REPORTS OF THE
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

Superfund and Mining Megasites—Lessons from the Coeur d’Alene River Basin (2005)
Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion (2005)
Air Quality Management in the United States (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004)
Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004)
Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004)
Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development
(2003)
Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002)
Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002)
The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002)
Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001)
Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001)
Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001)
A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001)
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (4 volumes, 2000-
2004)
Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000)
Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000)
Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000)
Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)
Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (4 volumes, 1998-2004)
The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 volumes, 1989-1995)
Review of EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 volumes, 1994-
1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
[phone] or [phone]
www.nap.edu

viii
INSTITUTE FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Science, Medicine, and Animals: A Circle of Discovery (2004)
The Development of Science-Based Guidelines for Laboratory Animal Care: Proceedings
of the November 2003 International Workshop (2004)
National Need and Priorities for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research (2004)
Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates (2003)
International Perspectives―The Future of Nonhuman Primate Resources: Proceedings of
the Workshop Held April 17-19, 2002 (2003)
Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research
(2003)
Principles and Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Precollege Education (2001)
Strategies That Influence Cost Containment in Animal Research (2000)
Definition of Pain and Distress and Reporting Requirements for Laboratory Animals:
Proceedings of the Workshop Held June 22, 2000 (2000)
Monoclonal Antibody Production (1999)
Microbial and Phenotypic Definition of Rats and Mice: Proceedings of the 1999
US/Japan Conference (1999)
The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates (1998)
Microbial Status and Genetic Evaluation of Mice and Rats: Proceedings of the 1998
US/Japan Conference (1998)
Biomedical Models and Resources: Current Needs and Future Opportunities (1998)
Approaches to Cost Recovery for Animal Research: Implications for Science, Animals,
Research Competitiveness, and Regulatory Compliance (1998)
Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals (1997)
Chimpanzees in Research: Strategies for Their Ethical Care, Management, and Use
(1997)
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 7th ed. (1996)
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, 4th ed. (1995)
Laboratory Animal Management: Dogs (1994)
Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals (1992)
Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (1991)
Companion Guide to Infectious Diseases of Mice and Rats (1991)
Laboratory Animal Management: Rodents (1990)
Immunodeficient Rodents: A Guide to Their Immunobiology, Husbandry, and Use
(1989)
Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1988)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press
[phone] or [phone]
www.nap.edu

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