Toxic Chemicals: Risk Prevention Through Use Reduction

333 Pages·2010·5.53 MB·English

by  Thomas E. Higgins, Jayanti A. Sachdev, Stephen A. Engleman

TOXIC
CHEMICALS
Risk Prevention through Use Reduction
TOXIC
CHEMICALS
Risk Prevention through Use Reduction
Thomas E. Higgins
and
Jayanti A. Sachdev
Stephen A. Engleman
Boca Raton London New York
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Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................xvii
About.the.Authors...................................................................................................xix
Acronyms.and.Abbreviations.............................................................................. xxiiii
Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1
Bibliography..........................................................................................5
Chapter 2 Toxic.Chemical.Composition.Reporting..............................................7
Introduction...........................................................................................7
California:.Proposition.65....................................................................8
Basis.for.Program.............................................................................8
Program.Requirements....................................................................9
Role.of.Stakeholders........................................................................9
Financial.Impacts.............................................................................9
Effectiveness.of.Program............................................................... 10
European.Union’s.Registration,.Evaluation,.Authorization,.and.
Restriction.of.Chemicals.Program..................................................... 11
Basis.for.Program.......................................................................... 11
Program.Requirements.................................................................. 11
Registration............................................................................... 11
Toxics.Release.Inventory.................................................................... 12
Bibliography........................................................................................ 12
Chapter 3 Toxic.Chemical.Release.Reporting.................................................... 15
Introduction......................................................................................... 15
Basis.for.Program............................................................................... 15
Program.Requirements....................................................................... 16
Refnements.to.TRI............................................................................. 18
Role.of.Stakeholders........................................................................... 19
Financial.Impacts................................................................................20
Limitations.of.TRI.Program...............................................................20
Bibliography........................................................................................34
Chapter 4 TRI.Programs.in.Other.Countries...................................................... 35
Introduction......................................................................................... 35
Canadian.National.Pollutant.Release.Inventory.Program.................. 37
Australian.National.Pollutant.Inventory............................................. 37
v
vi Contents
European.Union..................................................................................44
European.Pollutant.Emission.Register.......................................... 47
European.Pollutant.Release.and.Transfer.Register........................ 47
Japan...................................................................................................48
Accessing.PRTR.Data........................................................................ 51
North.American.Data..................................................................... 51
European.Data.from.E-PRTR........................................................ 52
International.PRTR.Data.from.OECD........................................... 52
Bibliography........................................................................................ 53
Chapter 5 TRI.Program.Impacts.on.Reducing.Toxic.Chemical.Releases.......... 55
Introduction......................................................................................... 55
TRI.Success.Stories............................................................................ 58
Bibliography........................................................................................ 58
Chapter 6 Quantifying.Toxicity........................................................................... 59
Introduction......................................................................................... 59
Ingestion.Carcinogenicity...................................................................60
Inhalation.Carcinogenicity.................................................................60
Ingestion.Noncarcinogenic.Toxicity...................................................60
Inhalation.Noncarcinogenic.Toxicity.................................................. 61
Development.of.a.Single.Toxicity.Factor............................................ 61
Ingestion.Carcinogenic.Toxicity.Factor.Development................... 62
Inhalation.Carcinogenic.Toxicity.Factor.Development................. 62
Ingestion.Noncarcinogenic.Toxicity.Factor.Development............. 63
Inhalation.Noncarcinogenic.Toxicity.Factor.Development........... 63
Single.Combined.Relative.Toxicity.Factor.Development..............64
Bibliography........................................................................................ 89
Chapter 7 Quantifying.Mobility.......................................................................... 91
Introduction......................................................................................... 91
Air.Mobility.Factor............................................................................. 91
Water.Mobility.Factor.........................................................................92
Combined.Mobility.Factor..................................................................92
Bibliography..................................................................................... 103
Chapter 8 Quantifying.Persistence.................................................................... 105
Introduction...................................................................................... 105
Persistence.Factor............................................................................. 105
Bibliography..................................................................................... 118
Contents vii
Chapter 9 Quantifying.Bioconcentration.......................................................... 119
Introduction...................................................................................... 119
Bioconcentration.Adjustment.Factor................................................ 119
Bibliography..................................................................................... 135
Chapter 10 Developing.Effective.Toxicity.Factors.............................................. 137
Introduction...................................................................................... 137
Effective.Toxicity.Factor................................................................... 138
Toxicity.Impact................................................................................. 138
Chapter 11 Focusing.on.Impact.Chemicals......................................................... 171
Introduction...................................................................................... 171
U.S..Environmental.Protection.Agency.33/50.Program................... 171
Basis.for.Program........................................................................ 172
Program.Requirements................................................................ 172
Role.of.Stakeholders.................................................................... 173
Financial.Impacts......................................................................... 173
Effectiveness.of.Program............................................................. 173
Washington.Department.of.Ecology.Persistent,.
Bioaccumulative Toxins.Program.and.Other.Targeted.(Mercury).
Chemicals.Programs......................................................................... 176
Basis.for.the.Mercury.Reduction.Program.................................. 177
Program.Requirements................................................................ 177
Role.of.Stakeholders.................................................................... 179
Financial.Impacts......................................................................... 179
Effectiveness.of.Program............................................................. 179
Registration,.Evaluation.Authorization,.and.Restriction.of.
Chemicals.Program.of.the.European.Union..................................... 180
Basis.for.Program........................................................................ 180
Program.Requirements................................................................ 180
Evaluation................................................................................ 180
Authorization.......................................................................... 181
PBT.Substances............................................................................ 187
Very.Persistent,.Bioaccumulative,.and.Toxic.Substances............ 187
Restriction.................................................................................... 187
Bibliography..................................................................................... 189
Chapter 12 Use.versus.Release.Reporting........................................................... 191
Introduction...................................................................................... 191
Comparison.of.Use.and.Releases..................................................... 191
Massachusetts.Toxics.Use.Reduction.Act......................................... 192
Reporting.Requirements.............................................................. 192
viii Contents
Maine.Toxics.and.Hazardous.Waste.Reduction.Program................ 193
Reporting.Requirements.............................................................. 193
New.Jersey.Pollution.Prevention.Program....................................... 193
Bibliography..................................................................................... 195
Chapter 13 Pollution.Prevention.Planning.......................................................... 197
Introduction...................................................................................... 197
Massachusetts.Toxics.Use.Reduction.Act......................................... 197
Maine.Toxics.and.Hazardous.Waste.Reduction.Program................ 198
Washington.State.Department.of.Ecology.Pollution.
Prevention Program.......................................................................... 199
New.Jersey.Pollution.Prevention.Program.......................................202
Lessons.Learned.by.New.Jersey.Companies...............................205
California:.Hazardous.Waste.Source.Reduction and.
Management.Review.Act.of.1989.(Senate.Bill.14)...........................207
Texas.................................................................................................207
Minnesota.........................................................................................208
Arizona.Department.of.Environmental.Quality...............................209
Voluntary.Technical.Assistance.Programs....................................... 211
Bibliography..................................................................................... 211
Chapter 14 Technical.Assistance........................................................................ 215
Introduction...................................................................................... 215
Massachusetts.Toxics.Use.Reduction.Act......................................... 215
Maine.Toxics.and.Hazardous.Waste.Reduction.Program................ 215
Technical.Resources.for.Engineering.Effciency.Program.............. 216
Basis.for.Program........................................................................ 216
Program.Requirements................................................................ 216
Role.of.Stakeholders.................................................................... 217
Financial.Impacts......................................................................... 217
Effectiveness.of.Program............................................................. 218
Lean.and.the.Environment.Program.(Washington.State)................. 218
Basis.for.Program........................................................................ 219
Program.Requirements................................................................ 219
Role.of.Stakeholders....................................................................220
Financial.Impacts......................................................................... 221
Effectiveness.of.Program............................................................. 221
Company.Examples..................................................................... 222
New.Jersey.Technical.Assistance.Program...................................... 222
Basis.for.Program........................................................................ 222
Program.Requirements................................................................ 222
Role.of.Stakeholders....................................................................224
Contents ix
Financial.Impacts.........................................................................224
Effectiveness.of.Program.............................................................225
California.Technical.Assistance.Program........................................225
Bibliography.....................................................................................226
Chapter 15 Market-Based.Approaches.to.Environmental.Protection................. 229
Introduction...................................................................................... 229
Command.without.Control............................................................... 229
Cap.and.Trade................................................................................... 231
Pollution.Taxes.or.Fees..................................................................... 232
Bibliography..................................................................................... 233
Chapter 16 A.Program.to.Reduce.Toxic.Chemical.Use...................................... 235
Introduction...................................................................................... 235
Target.Impact.Chemicals.................................................................. 238
Chemical.Composition.Reporting.................................................... 238
Chemical.Toxicity.Rating.................................................................240
Chemical.Use.Reporting................................................................... 255
Public.Disclosure.............................................................................. 255
Toxic.Chemical.Use.Fee...................................................................256
Incentives.......................................................................................... 271
Chemical.Use.Reduction.Planning................................................... 271
Technical.Assistance........................................................................ 272
Bibliography..................................................................................... 273
Chapter 17 Costs.and.Benefts............................................................................. 275
Introduction...................................................................................... 275
Costs.of.the.Program........................................................................ 275
Toxic.Chemical.Use.Fees................................................................. 277
Health.Benefts.of.a.Successful.Toxic Chemical.Usage.
Reduction.Program........................................................................... 277
Environmental.Impacts..................................................................... 281
Direct.Benefts.to.Businesses............................................................ 282
Human.Capacity.Building................................................................ 283
Technology.Transfer.and.Productivity.Enhancement.......................284
Positive.Publicity.and.Associated.Increased.Revenue...................... 285
Reduced.Regulatory.Burden.............................................................285
Other.Benefts...................................................................................286
Bibliography.....................................................................................287
Appendix A: Chemicals List with CAS Numbers............................................. 289
Appendix B: CAS Numbers with Chemical Names..........................................303
Index...................................................................................................................... 317
Foreword
When. I. began. my. career. in. environmental. engineering,. the. U.S.. Environmental.
Protection. Agency. (USEPA). was. just. being. formed,. with. Bill. Ruckelshaus. as. its.
frst. administrator.. At. the. time,. the. emphasis. was. on. treating. waste. after. it. was.
p. roduced..As.a.young.professor,.I.continued.in.that.vein..My.research.was.focused.
on.d. eveloping.more.effcient.methods.of.removing.toxic.metals.from.wastewater.and.
developing.remediation.technologies.for.Superfund.sites.
When. I. returned. to. practicing. engineering,. I. was. involved. with. developing. a.
waste.minimization.program.for.the.Department.of.Defense,.moving.upstream.from.
waste.treatment.to.reducing.or.eliminating.waste.through.changing.manufacturing.
and.maintenance.processes.and.the.toxic.chemicals.used..It.was.a.unique.concept.
at.the.time—reducing.or.even.eliminating.waste.before.it.was.produced..Based.on.
that.experience,.I.published.and.spoke.widely.about.the.importance.of.eliminating,.
rather.than.treating,.waste..In.a.talk.to.the.board.of.directors.of.a.major.manufac-
turer.of.tools,.I.followed.a.lawyer.who.gave.them.the.status.of.various.remediation.
sites.and.a.rundown.on.the.millions.of.dollars.of.liabilities.associated.with.c. leaning.
them..I.began.my.talk.by.observing.that.I.was.following.their.lawyer.responsible.for.
their.paternity.suits,.and.that.I.was.going.to.talk.to.them.instead.about.the.b. enefts.
of.hazardous.waste.birth.control..I.subsequently.compiled.the.lessons.learned.from.
my. various. projects. in. the. Waste Minimization Handbook.. I. had. frst. met. Bill.
Ruckelshaus. at. a. meeting. at. which. he. was. discussing. the. need. to. regulate. toxic.
chemicals..When.I.completed.the.Waste Minimization Handbook,.he.kindly.agreed.
to.write.the.foreword.
Subsequently,.I.lead.a.team.of.engineers.and.scientists.in.projects.that.expanded.
beyond.hazardous.waste.minimization.and.treatment.of.toxic.chemicals.in.air,.water,.
and.solid.waste.into.pollution.prevention..As.our.experience.evolved,.we.wrote.and.
published.The Pollution Prevention Handbook..The.book.was.a.group.effort,.i.nvolving.
24.other.professionals.who.worked.with.me.on.projects.in.this.evolving.feld.
During.my.career,.I.have.had.the.opportunity.of.working.in.over.20.countries.in.
six.continents,.assisting.industries.and.governments.in.setting.up.pollution.prevention.
programs..When.the.Soviet.Union.fell,.I.worked.with.newly.privatized.companies.
to.improve.manufacturing.effciency.and.compliance.with.Western.environm. ental.
requirements..In.Hungary,.we.consulted.with.six.individual.companies,.which.was.
helpful,.but.limited.to.these.six.companies..In.moving.on.to.Poland,.we.not.only.pre-
pared.industrial.effciency.audits.for.individual.companies.but.also.provided.training.
to. Polish. engineers. and. scientists,. who. performed. industrial. effciency. audits. for.
many.more.companies.under.our.supervision..By.the. time.the.program.in.Poland.
ended,.we.left.a.trained.cadre.of.over.200.professionals.who.carried.on.the.program,.
greatly.expanding.our.individual.effectiveness..From.this.experience,.we.moved.on.
to.the.former.Soviet.Union..In.Russia,.we.decided.that.our.primary.goal.was.training,.
and.that.all.industrial.effciency.audits.would.be.performed.by.Russian.trainees,.with.
foreign.nationals.providing.technical.advice..We.also.provided.seed.money.for.our.
xi