Toward a Science of Consciousness III: The Third Tucson Discussions and Debates (Complex Adaptive Systems)

455 Pages·1999·3.57 MB·English

by  Stuart R. Hameroff

Pagei
TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII
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ComplexAdaptiveSystems (selectedtitles)
JohnH.Holland,ChristopherG.Langton,andStewartW.Wilson,advisors
AnIntroductiontoGeneticAlgorithms, MelanieMitchell
CatchingOurselvesintheAct:SituatedActivity,InteractiveEmergence,andHumanThought, HorstHendriks-
Jansen
ElementsofArtificialNeuralNetworks, KishanMehrotra,ChilukuriK.Mohan,andSanjayRanka
AdvancesinGeneticProgramming,Volume2, editedbyPeterJ.AngelineandKennethE.Kinnear,Jr.
GrowingArtificialSocieties:SocialSciencefromtheBottomUp, JoshuaM.EpsteinandRobertAxtell
AnIntroductiontoNaturalComputation, DanaH.Ballard
FourthEuropeanConferenceonArtificialLife, editedbyPhilHusbandsandInmanHarvey
TowardaScienceofConsciousnessII:TheSecondTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR.
Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andAlwynC.Scott
AnIntroductiontoFuzzySets:AnalysisandDesign, WitoldPedryczandFernandoGomide
FromAnimalstoAnimats5:ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalConferenceonSimulationofAdaptive
Behavior, editedbyRolfPfeifer,BruceBlumberg,Jean-ArcadyMeyer,andStewartW.Wilson
ArtificialLifeVI:ProceedingsoftheSixthInternationalConference, editedbyChristophAdami,RichardK.
Belew,HiroakiKitano,andCharlesE.Taylor
TheSimpleGeneticAlgorithm:FoundationsandTheory, MichaelD.Vose
AdvancesinGeneticProgramming:Volume3, editedbyLeeSpector,WilliamB.Langdon,Una-MayO'Reilly,
andPeterJ.Angeline
TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII:TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates, editedbyStuartR.
Hameroff,AlfredW.Kasniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers
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TowardaScienceofConsciousnessIII
TheThirdTucsonDiscussionsandDebates
editedbyStuartR.Hameroff,AlfredW.Kaszniak,andDavidJ.Chalmers
Pageiv
©1999MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans
(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe
publisher.
ThisbookwassetinTimesNewRomanbyAscoTypesetters,HongKong
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Toward a science of consciousness III : the third Tucson discussions and debates / edited by Stuart R.
Hameroff, Alfred W. Kaszniak, David J. Chalmers.
p. m. — (Complex adaptive systems)
"A Bradford book."
Conference proceedings.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-58181-7 (alk. paper)
1. Consciousness—Congresses. I. Hameroff, Stuart R. II. Kaszniak, Alfred W., 1949– .
III. Chalmers, David John, 1966– . IV. Title: Toward a science of consciousness three. V. Title:
Third Tucson discussions and debates.
BF311.T67 1999
153—dc21 99-36574
CIP
Page v
ATREETICKLESITSBRANCHES
CarolEbbecke
We are the laughing rats.
Our private approaches to reflection still require
a second perspective.
We can clearly see through our psychoscope
the hot spot of vision and awareness
our perception of the vision at hand
versus science itself—
a cat versus a kitten, a model versus a reality.
A scan will tell us, second hand,
that no amount of mythmaking will maintain
a memory of private subjectivity in the mind's past.
Moony blue rays on the mountainscape lasso
the self in the name of qualia,
the synchronicity of the coyote's rapture
a shaman caught in the feather of physicality.
Awareness invariably entails awareness
of something, the mechanics of variables,
fuzzy virtual memory eludes the paradigm.
Rescind the sensory, dreams are the stories
we tell upon waking—experience
plus explanation . . .
Fire of the breathless continuum begs the answer:
can I know you through one eye?
and opens a non-human border to the mind,
captures language before we can focus the space,
or consider the time.
Pagevii
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xiii
Contributors xv
Preface xix
I 1
TheExplanatoryGap
Introduction
DavidJ.Chalmers
1 3
Conceivability,Identity,andtheExplanatoryGap
JosephLevine
2 13
ConceivingBeyondOurMeans:TheLimitsofThoughtExperiments
RobertVanGulick
3 23
RealisticMaterialistMonism
GalenStrawson
4 33
OntheIntrinsicNatureofthePhysical
GreggH.Rosenberg
II 49
Color
Introduction
DavidJ.Chalmers
5 51
OfColorandConsciousness
StephenPalmer
6 65
ColorQualityandColorStructure
C.LarryHardin
7 75
PseudonormalVisionandColorQualia
MartineNida-Rumelin
III 85
NeuralCorrelates
Introduction
AlfredW.Kaszniak
8 87
TowardaCognitiveNeuroscienceofConsciousness
AnttiRevonsuo
Pageviii
9 99
NeuralCorrelatesofHallucinogen-InducedAlteredStatesof
Consciousness
F.X.Vollenweider,A.Gamma,andM.F.I.Vollenweider-
Scherpenhuyzen
10 111
FirstStepstowardaTheoryofMentalForce:PETImagingofSystematic
CerebralChangesafterPsychologicalTreatmentofObsessive-
CompulsiveDisorder
JeffreyM.Schwartz
IV 123
VisionandConsciousness
Introduction
DavidJ.Chalmers
11 127
TheVisualBraininAction
A.DavidMilnerandMelvynA.Goodale
12 141
InSearchofImmaculatePerception:EvidencefromMotor
RepresentationsofSpace
YvesRossetti
13 149
Attending,Seeing,andKnowinginBlindsight
RobertW.Kentridge,C.A.Heywood,andLarryWeiskrantz
14 161
InsightsintoBlindsight
A.DavidMilner
15 165
FromGraspingtoLanguage:MirrorNeuronsandtheOriginofSocial
Communication
VittorioGallese
16 179
Supportingthe"GrandIllusion"ofDirectPerception:ImplicitLearning
inEye-MovementControl
FrankH.Durgin
17 189
SelectivePeripheralFading:HowAttentionLeadstoLossofVisual
Consciousness
LianggangLou
V 197
Emotion
Introduction
AlfredW.Kaszniak
Pageix
18 201
ConsciousExperienceandAutonomicResponsetoEmotionalStimuli
FollowingFrontalLobeDamage
AlfredKaszniak,SherylL.Reminger,StevenZ.Rapcsak,andElizabeth
L.Glisky
19 215
AttheIntersectionofEmotionandConsciousness:Affective
NeuroscienceandExtendedReticularThalamicActivatingSystem
(ERTAS)TheoriesofConsciousness
DouglasF.Watt
20 231
LaughingRats?PlayfulTicklingArousesHigh-FrequencyUltrasonic
ChirpinginYoungRodents
JaakPankseppandJeffreyBurgdorf
VI 245
EvolutionandFunctionofConsciousness
Introduction
StuartR.Hameroff
21 247
ThePrivatizationofSensation
NicholasHumphrey
22 259
FlaggingthePresentMomentwithQualia
RichardL.Gregory
23 271
IfQualiaEvolved . . .
A.GrahamCairns-Smith
24 281
HandaxesandIceAgeCarvings:HardEvidencefortheEvolutionof
Consciousness
StevenMithen
25 297
EphemeralLevelsofMentalOrganization:DarwinianCompetitionsasa
BasisforConsciousness
WilliamH.Calvin
VII 309
PhysicalRealityandConsciousness
Introduction
StuartR.Hameroff
26 313
WhatDoesQuantumMechanicsImplyabouttheNatureoftheUniverse?
ShimonMalin
Page x
27 317
QuantumMonadology
KunioYasue
28 329
TheInterfaceinaMixedQuantum/ClassicalModelofBrainFunction
ScottHaganandMasayukiHirafuji
VIII 341
TheTimingofConsciousExperience
Introduction
StuartHameroff
29 343
DoApparentTemporalAnomaliesRequireNonclassicalExplanation?
StanleyA.Klein
30 359
AQuantumPhysicsModeloftheTimingofConsciousExperience
FredA.Wolf
31 367
ConsciousandAnomalousNonconsciousEmotionalProcesses:A
ReversaloftheArrowofTime?
DickJ.BiermanandDeanRadin
IX 387
Phenomenology
Introduction
AlfredKaszniak
32 391
ExploringActualitythroughExperimentandExperience
PietHut
33 407
Intersubjectivity:ExploringConsciousnessfromtheSecond-Person
Perspective
ChristiandeQuincey
34 417
GoetheandthePhenomenologicalInvestigationofConsciousness
ArthurZajonc
35 429
EssentialDimensionsofConsciousness:Objective,Subjective,and
Intersubjective
FrancesVaughan
36 441
TrainingtheAttentionandExploringConsciousnessinTibetan
Buddhism
B.AlanWallace
Pagexi
37 449
TranspersonalandCognitivePsychologiesofConsciousness:A
NecessaryandReciprocalDialogue
HarryT.Hunt
38 459
BiogeneticStructuralTheoryandtheNeurophenomenologyof
Consciousness
CharlesD.Laughlin
39 475
ExperientialClarificationoftheProblemoftheSelf
JonathanShear
Index 489
Pagexiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Theeditorswouldliketoexpresstheirappreciationtoallofthehard-workingpeoplewhoputintimeandeffort
everydayinordertokeeptheTucsonconferencesandrelatedactivitiesrunningsmoothly.CarolEbbecke,our
editorialassistantandpoetryslammistress,hasnowguidedtwoTucsonvolumestopress.Withouther
organizationalskills,communication,andaesthetictastethesebookswouldnotbepossible.TheFetzerInstitute
continuestoprovidegeneroussupportforourendeavors.OurforthcomingCenterforConsciousnessStudies,
whichwouldnotbeinitscurrentguisewithoutFetzer'sinput,ispartandparcelofallofourpresentandfuture
Tucsonconferences.The JournalofConsciousnessStudies and TrendsinCognitiveScience havegenerously
permittedustoreprintmaterialfromtheirpages.TheProgramCommittee,includingChristofKoch,Marilyn
Schlitz,AlScott,PetraStoerig,KeithSutherland,MichaelWinkelman,andJimLaukes,scatteredallaroundthe
world,cametogetherbye-mailandinTucsontoassemblethemulti-disciplinaryline-upfortheconference.
ArtistDaveCantrellre-createdsomeofthetrickierfigures,andAlScottgaveushisblessingandturnedhis
editorshipovertoDaveChalmersbeginningwiththisbook.Finally,JimLaukeskeptthestarchinoursailsand
alwaysmadecertainthatwecoulddeliveronwhatwepromisedthoughhisattentiontoeveryimaginabledetail.
WemustalsothankourfamiliesandcolleaguesinourhomedepartmentsofAnesthesiology,Psychology,
Neurology,Psychiatry,andPhilosophy,andtheUniversityofArizonaforprovidinganacademicenvironment
amenabletoourintellectualpursuits.
Finally,wearegratefultoBradfordBooksandtheMITPressfortheircontinuedsupport.Inparticularwe
thankBettyStantonforherstewardship,visionandcourageincontinuinginherlatehusband'srole.
Pagexv
CONTRIBUTORS
DickBierman
UniversityofAmsterdam
Roetersstraat15
1018WBAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
JeffreyBurgdorf
Dept.ofPsychology
BowlingGreenStateUniversity
BowlingGreen,OH43403
A.G.Cairns-Smith
DepartmentofChemistry
GlasgowUniversity
GlasgowG128QQ
Scotland,UK
WilliamH.Calvin
DepartmentofPsychiatryand
BehavioralSciences
UniversityofWashington
SeattleWA98195-1800
DavidJ.Chalmers
DepartmentofPhilosophy
TheUniversityofArizona
Tucson,AZ85721
ChristiandeQuincey
InstituteofNoeticSciencesandtheJohn
F.KennedyUniversity
IONS,475GateFiveRoad,Suite300
Sausalito,CA94965
FrankH.Durgin
DepartmentofPsychology
SwarthmoreCollege
500CollegeAvenue