Thrust fault-related folding

401 Pages·2011·94.924 MB·English

by  McClay, Kenneth R., Suppe, John, Shaw, J. H.

Thrust Fault-Related
Folding
AAPG Memoir 94
Edited by
K. McClay, J. Shaw, and J. Suppe
Copyright © 2011
By the American Association of Petroleum Geologists
All Rights Reserved
ISBN13: 978-0-89181-376-7
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AAPG Editor: Stephen E. Laubach
AAPG Geoscience Director: James B. Blankenship
On the cover: The background image on the cover is a seismic section through the frontal thrust fault-related fold
system of the Cascade accretionary prism, offshore western Canada. The large photo shows folded Lower Eocene
platformal carbonate units that form the Mediano detachment anticline, Ainsa basin, Spanish Pyrenees. The
Cotiella thrust sheet and the axial zone of the Pyrenees form the background. The small photo shows a detachment
fold formed by Miocene siltstones and mudstones, Quilitak anticline, frontal fold system, southern Tianshan
mountains, western China.
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Stephen E. Laubach, Austin, Texas
Geosciences Director
James B. Blankenship, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction to Thrust Fault-related Folding
Ken McClay
Chapter 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Mass Balance and Thrusting in Detachment Folds
John Suppe
Chapter 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Shortening Histories in Active Detachment Folds Based on Area-of-relief Methods
Ramon Gonzalez-Mieres and John Suppe
Chapter 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Multiple Detachment Folding in Pusht-e Kuh Arc, Zagros: Role of Mechanical Stratigraphy
J.Vergés, M. G. H. Goodarzi, H. Emami, R. Karpuz, J. Efstathiou, and P. Gillespie
Chapter 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Trishear: AReview of Kinematics, Mechanics, and Applications
Stuart Hardy and Richard W. Allmendinger
Chapter 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Layer-parallel Shortening Templates Associated with Double-edge Fault-propagation Folding
S.Tavani and F. Storti
Chapter 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Folding Mechanisms in a Fault-propagation Fold Inferred from the Analysis of Unconformity
Angles: The Sant Llorenç Growth Structure (Pyrenees, Spain)
J.L. Alonso, F. Colombo, and O. Riba
Chapter 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Two Contrasting Kinematic Styles of Active FoldingAbove Thrust Ramps, Western Taiwan
Li-Fan Yue, John Suppe, and Jih-Hao Hung
Chapter 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Active Folding and Blind Thrust Faulting Induced by Basin Inversion Processes, Inner
California Borderlands
Carlos Rivero and John H. Shaw
Chapter 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Cenozoic Structure and Tectonic Evolution of the Kuqa Fold Belt, Southern Tianshan, China
Xin Wang, John Suppe, Shuwei Guan, Aurelia Hubert-Ferrari, Ramon Gonzalez-Mieres,
and Chengzao Jia
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Chapter 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Kinematics of a Hybrid Thick-thin-skinned Fold and Thrust Belt Recorded in Neogene Syntectonic
Wedge-top Basins, Southern Central Andes Between 35º and 36ºS, Malargüe, Argentina
Pablo Kraemer, José Silvestro, Federico Achilli, and Walter Brinkworth
Chapter 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Basement-involved Contractional Wedge Structural Styles: Examples from the Hanna Basin, Wyoming
Van S. Mount, Kevin W. Martindale, Thomas W. Griffith, and John O. D. Byrd
Chapter 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Three-dimensional Geometry and Forward Numerical Modeling of the Sant Corneli Anticline
(Southern Pyrenees, Spain)
J.Mencos, J. A. Muñoz, and S. Hardy
Chapter 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Two-dimensional Analog Modeling of Fold and Thrust Belts: Dynamic Interactions with
Syncontractional Sedimentation and Erosion
Jonathan E. Wu and Ken R. McClay
Chapter 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Fault-related Folding in the Deep Waters of the Equatorial Margin of Brazil
Pedro Victor Zalán
Chapter 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
The Growth History of Toe Thrusts of the Niger Delta and the Role of Pore Pressure
Scot W. Krueger and Neil T. Grant
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Foreword
This volume arises from papers and posters presented at the International Conference on Fault-Related Folding in Foreland
Basins held in Beijing in 2005 and organized by Vice President Chengzhao Jia of the Research Institute of Petroleum
Exploration and Development (RIPED) of PetroChina and Professor John Suppe of Princeton University and the Tarim
Oilfield Company of PetroChina, and researchers from Nanjing and Zhejiang Universities in China. The conference was
organized to bring together a significant fraction of the worldwide experts on the study and analysis of thrust-related
fold systems and to provide an introduction to the petroleum-bearing fold belts of western China to this international
community.
More than 200 attendees saw presentations on a wide range of fold and thrust belts from subaerial fold belts in western
China, the Andes, the Alps, the Rocky Mountains of North America, the Zagros of Iran, Taiwan, and elsewhere. Folds
developed in deep-water settings such as the South Atlantic passive margins as well as the Niger delta, northwest Borneo,
and the Gulf of Mexico were also discussed. The three-day meeting in Beijing was followed by a seven-day field trip
organized by PetroChina to the actively growing frontal fold belts of the northern Tarim, Turfan, and southern Junggar
basins in westernmost China.
Manuscripts on these topics were submitted after the conference and key papers are presented in this volume. The top-
ics in this volume build upon previously published key AAPG volumes such as Memoir 82—Thrust Tectonics and
Hydrocarbon Systems (2004) and AAPG Seismic Atlas Studies in Geology 53—Seismic Interpretation of Contractional Fault-
Related Folds(2005).
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Acknowledgments
The conference organizers are thanked for their generous support. Nanjing and Zhejiang Universities and, in particu-
lar, PetroChina through RIPED and also the Tarim Oilfield Company of PetroChina are thanked for supporting the con-
ference and the field trip.
Papers submitted for this Memoir were kindly refereed by the following people, many of whom reviewed several man-
uscripts and gave generously of their time. The editors and AAPG are extremely grateful for their help.
Jurgen Adam
Richard Allmendinger
Alejandro Amilibia
Jean-Philippe Avouac
Clem Chase
Peter Cobbold
Ernesto Cristallini
Ian Davison
Leonardo Duerto
Fred Dula
Thomas Flottmann
Stuart Hardy
Robert Hooper
Jake Hossack
Martin Insley
Rene Manceda
Steve Matthews
Van Mount
Josep Munoz
Josep Poblet
Victor Ramos
Lisandro Rojas
Greg Schoenborn
John Shaw
Fabrizio Storti
John Suppe
Bob Thompson
Jose de Vera
Jaume Verges
Thomas Zapata
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About the Editors
Ken McClayhas a B.Sc. (honors) degree and a D.Sc. degree from Adelaide University, and a M.Sc.
degree and Ph.D. degree from Imperial College London. He is a professor of structural geology and
the Director of the Fault Dynamics Research Group at Royal Holloway University of London. His
research has focused upon the dynamics of inverted, extensional, and strike-slip terrains and fault
systems in fold-thrust belts. This involves the integration of field studies, seismic interpretation, remote
sensing, and scaled physical modeling to develop quantitative 4-D models for fault systems in
sedimentary basins. McClay established the analog modeling laboratories at Royal Holoway University
of London. He and his research students have carried out numerous collaborative research projects
with the international petroleum industry. He has run numerous short courses for the petroleum
industry and has published widely in international journals.
John H. Shawis the Harry C. Dudley Professor of Structural & Economic Geology and Chair of the
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences at Harvard University. Prior to joining the faculty at Harvard,
Shaw received his Ph.D. from Princeton University working under the direction of Professor Suppe,
and subsequently worked for Texaco’s Exploration & Production Technology Department in Houston,
Texas. During his time in the industry, Shaw participated in a number of exploration and development
projects in Nigeria, Angola, Canada, Italy, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina,
and the United States. Shaw’s research interests are centered on investigating the nature of faulting and
fault-related folding in the crust, with applications to petroleum trap and reservoir characterization and
regional earthquake hazards assessment. His research generally involves analysis of 2- and 3-D seismic
reflection, well, remote sensing, and surface geologic data, and he employs a variety of kinematic and
mechanical modeling approaches to investigating structures. His current efforts include studies of the
structure and petroleum systems of the deep-water Niger Delta and basins in western China, and the
development of new mechanical approaches to performing 3-D structural restorations. These restora-
tion methods are being applied in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, China, and other areas to investigate patterns
of natural fractures in petroleum fields that can aid in reservoir characterization and development.
Shaw regularly leads an AAPG field course in the Canadian Rockies, and offers a short course on
seismic interpretation methods based on an AAPG Seismic Atlas (Studies in Geology 53), which is
co-authored by Professors Connors and Suppe.
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John Suppeis a structural geologist with wide experience in deformed petroleum basins, including
Gulf of Mexico, Niger Delta, California, Philippines, Venezuela, Taiwan, and Tarim, Junggar, and
Sichuan basins in China. He and his collaborators are the originators of many of the concepts of
fault-related folding applied in compressive and extensional environments, as well as key concepts
of interpreting growth strata for folding histories. The application of these structural concepts to
practical seismic interpretation is introduced in an AAPG seismic atlas (Studies in Geology 53), edited
by John Shaw, Chris Connors, and Suppe. He has also contributed key advances in the understand-
ing mechanics of thrust belts and state of the stress in the crust. Two of his contributions have been
awarded the Best Publication Award in Structural Geology & Tectonics of the Geological Society of
America. Suppe was named “Highly Cited Researcher” by Science Citation Index. Suppe was born
and raised in Los Angeles, attended University of California Riverside studying under
K. J. Hsü, received a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1969 studying under John Rodgers and was a post-
doc at UCLA with Gary Ernst. He was Professor of Geology at Princeton University from
1971-2007, was named Blair Professor of Geology in 1988, and served as Department Chair. He now
is Distinguished Chair Research Professor at National Taiwan University where he has an international
research group. He has been visiting professor at Caltech twice, University of Barcelona, Ludwigs
Maximillian University in Munich, National Taiwan University twice, and is an honorary professor of
Nanjing University. He was a Guest Investigator of the NASA Magellan Mission to Venus. He was
elected member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1995. He has received the Career
Contribution Award in Structural Geology & Tectonics from the Geological Society of America, the
Research Prize of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the Wilber Cross Medal from Yale
University, and is a Guggenheim Fellow.
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