Third-generation systems and intelligent wireless networking: smart antennas and adaptive modulation

438 Pages·2002·21.25 MB·English

by  J. S. Blogh

THlRD-
GENERATION
SYSTEMS
2 lNTELLlGENT
WlRELESS
NETWORKlNG

THIRD-
GENERATlON
SYSTEMS
SlNTELLlGENT
d
WlRELESS
NETWORKlNG
smart antennas and adaptive modulation
J. S. Blogh
L. Hanzo
both of University of Southampton, UK
IEEE
IEEE PRESS
lEE9 Communications Society, Sponsor
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Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xxi
1 Third-Generation CDMA Systems 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.B2 asic CDMA System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 SpreaSd p ectrum Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1F. 1re quency Hopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. l .2 Direct Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 The Effect of MultipathC hannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 RAKE Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.4 Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.4.D1 ownlink Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.4.2 Uplink Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.4G.3 a ussian Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.5 SpreadinCg o des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.5. l m-sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.5.2 GolSd e quences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.5.3 Extendemd -sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.6 ChanneEl stimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.6.1D ownlinkP ilot-Assisted ChannelE stimation . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.6.2U plinkP ilot-SymbolA ssisted ChannelE stimation . . . . . 24
1.2.6.3P ilot-SymbolA ssisted Decision-DirectedC hannel
Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3 Third-GeneratioSn y stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I .3 . l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
I .3 .2 UMTS TerrestrialR adioA ccess( UTRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2. l Characteristics of UTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.3.2T.2 r ansport Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vi CONTENTS
1.3.2.3 Physical Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.2.3.1 Dedicated Physical Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.3.2.3.2 Common Physical Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.2.3.2.1 Common Physical Channels of the FDD
Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.3.2.3.2.2 Common Physical Channels of the TDD
Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.3.2.4 Service Multiplexing and Channel Coding inU TRA . . . . 44
1.3.2.4.1 CRC Attachment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.3.2.4.2 Transport Block Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.3.2.4.3 Channel-Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.3.2.4.4 Radio Frame Padding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.2.4.5 First Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
I .3.2. 4.6 Radio Frame Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.2.4.7 Rate Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.3.2.4.8 Discontinuous Transmission Indication . . . . . . 48
1.3.2.4.9 Transport Channel Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . 49
1.3.2.4.10 Physical Channel Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.3.2.4.11 Second Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.3.2.4.12 Physical Channel Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.3.2.4.13 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL
Dedicated Physical Channels in FDD Mode . . . 49
1.3.2.4.14 Mapping of a 4.1 Kbps Data Service to the DL
DPDCHi n FDD Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.3.2.4.15 Mapping Several Multirate Services to the UL
Dedicated Physical Channels in TDD Mode . . . 52
1.3.2.5 Variable-Ratea nd Multicode Transmission inU TRA . . . 55
1.3.2.6 Spreading and Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
1.3.2.6.1 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes . . . 57
1.3.2.6.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.3.2.6.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1.3.2.6.4 Uplink Spreading and Modulation . . . . . . . . 60
1.3.2.6.5 Downlink Spreading and Modulation . . . . . . . 60
1.3.2.7 Random Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.3.2.7.1 Mobile-Initiated Physical Random Access
Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.3.2.7.2 Common Packet Channel Access Procedures . . . 63
1.3.2.8 Power Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.3.2.8.I Closed-Loop Power Control inU TRA . . . . . . 63
1.3.2.8.2 Open-LoopPower Control in TDD Mode . . . . 64
1.3.2.9 Cell Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.3.2.9.1 Cell Identification in the FDD Mode . . . . . . . 64
1.3.2.9.2 Cell Identification in the TDD Mode . . . . . . . 67
1.3.2.10 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.3.2.10.1 Intra-Frequency Handover or Soft Handover . . . 69
1.3.2.10.2 Inter-Frequency Handover or HardH andover . . 69
CONTENTS Vii
1.3.2.1 1 Intercell Time Synchronisationi n the UTRA TDD Mode . 70
1.3.3 Thec dma2000 TerrestrialR adioA ccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.3.3.1 Characteristics of cdma2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
1.3.3.2P hysical Channels in cdma2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1.3.3.3 Service Multiplexinga ndC hannel Coding . . . . . . . . . 75
1.3.3.4 Spreading anMd odulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
1.3.3.4.1 DownlinkS preadinga ndM odulation . . . . . . . 79
1.3.3.4.2 Uplink Spreading andM odulation . . . . . . . . 80
1.3.3.5 Random Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
1.3.H3. a6n dover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
1.3.4 Performance-EnhancementF eatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4.1D ownlinkT ransmitD iversityT echniques . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4.1.1 Space TimeB lockC oding-BasedT ransmitD i-
versity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4.1.T2 ime-SwitcheTd ransmiDt iversity . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4.1.3 Closed-LooTp ransmit Diversity . . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4.2 AdaptivA en tennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1.3.4M.3 ulti-User DetectiodInterferenceCancellation . . . . . . 85
1.3.5S ummary o3f G Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
l .4 S ummary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
TranWsBc iuerAiervlsdeet ars-b ssp yti -vBeu 2r st 89
2M.1 otivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.2N arrowband Burst-by-Burst AdaptiveM odulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
2.3 Wideband Burst-by-Burst AdaptiveM odulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.3.1 Channel qualitmy etrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.4 Wideband BbB-AQAM VideoT ransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.5 BbB-AQAM Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.6W idebandB bB-AQAMV ideo Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.6.1A QAM SwitchingT hresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.6.2T urbo-codedA QAMv ideophonep erformance . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.7 BbBA daptive Joint-detection CDMA VideoT ransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.7.1 Multi-userD etection for CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2.7.2 JD-ACDMA Modem Mode Adaptationa nd Signalling . . . . . . . . 1 09
2.7.3 The JD-ACDMA VideoT ransceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
2.7.4 JD-ACDMA VideoT ransceiver Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 13
2.8S ubband-Adaptive OFDM VideoT ransceivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 16
2.9 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Bea1m2 3foa rn mdA inr AIgrn natyt eeslnl i ngaen 3t
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.B2 eamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2.1 Antenna ArrayP arameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2.2 Potential Benefits of Antenna Arraysi n Mobile Communications . . 125
3.2.2.1 Multiple Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2.2.2 AdaptivBe eams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
viii CONTENTS
3.2.2.3N ull Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.2.2.4 Diversity Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.2.2.5R eductioni nD elayS pread andMultipathFading . . . . . 1 31
3.2.2.6R eductioni nC O-channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 32
3.2.2.7C apacityI mprovementa ndS pectralE fficiency . . . . . . . 1 34
3.2.2.8 Increase in TransmissionE fficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 34
3.2.2.9R eductioni nH andovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 34
3.2.3 SignaMl odel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
3.2.4 A BeamformingE xample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.2.5 Analogue Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.2.6 Digital Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.2.7 Element-Space Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.2.8 Beam-SpaceB eamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.3 Adaptive Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.3.F1 i xeBd eams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.3.2T emporal Reference Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.3.2.1 Least Mean Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.3.2.2N ormalisedL eastM ean Squares Algorithm . . . . . . . . 151
3.3.2.3 Sample MatrixI n version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 51
3.3.2.4R ecursiveL east Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 59
3.3.3 Spatial Reference Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.3.3.A1 ntenna Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.3.4B lindA daptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.3.4.1 Constant ModulusA lgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 63
3.3.5 AdaptiveA rraysi nt heD ownlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 65
3.3.6A daptive BeamformingP erformanceR esults . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 66
3.3.6.1 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Sample Matrix In-
version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
3.3.6.2 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Unconstrained
Least Mean Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
3.3.6.3 Two Element Adaptive Antenna Using Normalised Least
Mean Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.3.6.4 Performance of a Three Element Adaptive Antenna Array . 174
3.3.6.5 Complexity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
A4r raAyds a ptive Neitnw Cor ekllsu lar 193
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.2 Modelling AdaptiveA ntennaA rrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.2. l Algebraic Manipulation withO ptimalB eamforming . . . . . . . . .1 94
4.2.2 UsingP robabilityD ensity Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 96
4.2.3 Sample MatrixI nversionB eamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 97
4.3 Channel AllocationT echniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.3.1 Overview of Channel Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.3. l .1 Fixed Channel Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 01
4.3.1.1.1 Channel Borrowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 03
CONTENTS ix
4.3.1.1.2 Flexible Channel Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.3.1.2 DynamicC hannel Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.3.1.2. l CentrallyC ontrolledD CAA lgorithms . . . . . . 2 06
4.3. l .2 .2 Distributed DCA Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . 2 07
4.3.1.2.3 Locally distributed DCA algorithms . . . . . . .2 08
4.3.1.3 HybridC hanneAl llocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 09
4.3.1.4 The Effect of Handovers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 10
4.3.1.5 The Effect of TransmissionP ower Control . . . . . . . . .2 10
4.3.2 Simulation of the Channel Allocation Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . .2 11
4.3.2.1 The Mobile Radio Network Simulator, “Netsim” . . . . . .2 11
4.3.2.1.1 PhysicaLl ayerM odel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 13
4.3.2.1.2 ShadowF adinMg odel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 14
4.3.3 Overview of ChannelA llocationA lgorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 15
4.3.3.1F ixed Channel AllocationA lgorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 15
4.3.3.2 Distributed Dynamic ChannelA llocationA lgorithms . . . 2 16
4.3.3.3 Locally Distributed Dynamic Channel Allocation Algorithms217
4.3.3.4 PerformancMe etrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
4.3.3.5N onuniformT rafficM odel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 20
4.3.4 DCA Performance without Adaptive Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 21
4.4 Employing Adaptive Antenna Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.5 MultipathP ropagation Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
4.6 Network Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.6.1 SystemS imulation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.6.2 Non-WraparoundN etworkP erformanceR esults . . . . . . . . . . .2 40
4.6.2.1 Performance Resultso ver a LOS Channel . . . . . . . . . 2 40
4.6.2.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel . . . . . . . 2 46
4.6.2.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control 251
4.6.2.4 Transmission over a Multipath Channel using Power Con-
trol and
AdaptiveM odulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
4.6.2.5 Power Control andA daptiveM odulationA lgorithm . . . . 2 61
4.6.2.6 Performanceo f PC-assisted, AQAM-aided Dynamic Chan-
nelA llocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
4.6.2.7S ummary of Non-WraparoundN etwork Performance . . . 2 70
4.6.3 Wrap-around Network Performance Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 72
4.6.3.1 Performance Resultso ver a LOS Channel . . . . . . . . .2 72
4.6.3.2 Performance Results over a Multipath Channel . . . . . . . 2 76
4.6.3.3 Performance over a Multipath Channel using Power Control 280
4.6.3.4 Performance ofa nA QAM basedN etworku singP ower
Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
4.7S ummarya nd Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5 UTRAA.Md Aaa oAdpnda trdiuprv l ateaiy vtsieo n 295
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
5.2 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 96
5.3 UMTS TerrestrialR adioA ccess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298