Thermal hydraulic design of components for steam generation plants

407 Pages·1991·83.006 MB·English

by  Cumo, Maurizio, Naviglio, Antonio

Thermal Hydraulic
Design
of
Components
for
Steam Generation Plants
Editors
Maurizio Como
Professor
Department of Nuclear Engineering
and Energy Conversions
University of Rome
Rome, Italy
Antonio Naviglio
Professor
Department of Nuclear Engineering
and Energy Conversions
University of Rome
Rome, Italy
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press
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First published 1991 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Thermal hydraulic design of components for steam generation plants/
editors, Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-6792-1
l. Steam-boilers—Design and construction. I. Cumo, Maurizio.
II. Naviglio, Antonio.
TJ290.T48 1991
621.1’8—dc20 91-2955
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 90002055
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89815-5 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07725-5 (ebk)
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PREFACE
Modem life is, among others, based on a widespread use of steam. This fluid is used
for heating purposes, as a fundamental component of chemical reactions, for sterilization,
for cleaning, for running thermal machines, and as a vehicle for the transfer of large amounts
of thermal power. This important fluid is produced by means of a wide variety of heat
transfer equipment whose design has been improved and optimized in the last decades,
thanks to the significant number of applications, of units realized and to the feedback from
operational experiences. The maximum sizes of steam-production units have increased over
time and steam generators in modem thermal electric plants or in some chemical plants have
become large plants by themselves. Complicated and difficult problems must be solved in
the design, construction and assembling of large-size steam generators or in special appli
cations, such as in large-size, heat-recovery systems, with high-temperature gases providing
heat for steam production. Boiling represents one of the physical phenomena with which
man has been acquainted since old times, and a lot of research has been devoted to this
phenomenon that may presently be considered one of the better known phenomena in
engineering applications. Nevertheless, research is still being carried out and is still necessary
to respond to the requirements for more and more optimized steam-production units or to
find suitable solutions for the problems of special applications. The objective of this book
is to provide some typical solutions to problems encountered in equipment for steam-pro
duction, outlining different approaches adopted for their design and indicating some of the
most advanced methods proposed or used for the design of components, aimed at achieving
a better performance or a higher level of safety. The authors have tried to incorporate the
results of their experience gained in the various phases of the design, construction, operation,
and maintenance in the book. Main problems experienced in these complex phases have
been pointed out-frequently extremely variable in nature-including not only typical heat
transfer phenomena, but also other aspects, such as chemical or mechanical problems. The
book is addressed to technicians involved in the design or operation of steam-production
plants, as well as to students of engineering faculties. A basic knowledge of heat-transfer
phenomena is required, in order to benefit at the highest level from the information provided
in the book. The issues discussed are not exhaustive, but represent a selection of the
technological problems frequently being encountered in the thermal design of steam-pro
duction plants. Owing to the great importance of steam cycles in the field of applications
of steam-production plants, a part of the book has also been dedicated to some of the main
heat-transfer equipment of the steam cycle whose performance is fundamental even for the
correct operation of a steam production unit.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We wish to express our gratitude to the following friends, who largely contributed to
the preparation of the present book: Caira Marco, Caruso Gianfranco, Fargione Paolo, Frullini
Massimo.
To my sister Silvia (M. Cumo)
and
to my son Enrico (A. Naviglio)
THE EDITORS
Maurizio Como is Professor of Nuclear Plants at the University "La Sapienza" of
Rome, where he is also director of the postgraduate School for Industrial Safety and Pro
tection. He received his doctorate in Nuclear Engineering at the Politechnic University of
Milan in 1962. Since that year, without discontinuities, he has participated in the thermo
hydraulic research at the ENEA Research Center of Casaccia (Rome), as well as the Uni
versity of Rome. In this field he has authored or co-authored more than 200 scientific
publications both international and national as well as four books. He is a member of the
Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conferences, the Executive Committee of the
International Center for Heat and Mass Transfer, the EUROTHERM Committee, and the
European Two-Phase Flow Group with particular attention to experimental developments.
Presently he is acting as President for the Italian Commission for Nuclear Safety and Health
Protection and as a member of the board of the Italian State Agency for Nuclear and
Alternative Energies (ENEA). He is also Chairman of the Italian Association of Nuclear
Engineering (ANDIN), Vice Chairman of the Italian Society of Standards (UNI), a member
of the board of directors of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES), the American
Nuclear Society, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the New York Academy
of Sciences. Biographical references are provided by Who's Who in the World, Who's Who
in Europe, International Book of Honor, International Who's Who in Education, Dictionary
of International Biography, World Energy Directory, and the International Directory of
Distinguished Leadership.
Antonio Naviglio is Professor of Thermal Hydraulics in the Department of Nuclear
Engineering and Energy Conversions, Faculty of Engineering, University of Rome. He
received the Italian "Laurea" in Nuclear Engineering in 1973 from the University of Rome.
During 1973 to 1975 he worked as a process engineer in a major Italian engineering company.
In 1975 and 1976 he worked for the Italian Agency for Nuclear Safety and Radiological
Protection (ENEA-DISP). During 1976 to 1981 he worked as a process engineer mainly in
the field of thermal hydraulics, for the Italian Electric Power Authority (ENEL). Since 1981,
he has been working at the University of Rome, first as assistant professor and then as
Professor of Thermal Hydraulics. Professor Naviglio is an expert member of the Italian
Committee for Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection, is a member of the executive
committee of AND IN, the Italian Association of Nuclear Engineers and of ANIAI, the Italian
Association of Architects and Engineers, and is the Director of the UNIT AR!UNDP Centre
on Small Energy Resources in Rome. Professor Naviglio has authored or co-authored some
120 scientific publications in the field of heat transfer and energy exploitation technologies
as well as three books.
The research activity of Professor Naviglio has been mainly devoted to heat transfer
phenomena, to complex thermal hydraulic phenomenologies affecting the performance and
safety of equipment both for nuclear and for chemical plants, and to the development of
innovative processes allowing energy saving and minimizing environmental impact.
CONTRIBUTORS
Pier Giulio A vanzini Antonio Naviglio
Director Professor
Innovative Projects Department of Nuclear Engineering and
Ansaldo Ricerche Energy Conversions
Genova, Italy University of Rome
Rome, Italy
John G. Collier, FRS F. Eng.
Chairman
Nuclear Electric pic
Giovanni Palumberi
Gloucester, England
Biklim
Cerese di Virgilio, Italy
Maurizio Como
Professor
Department of Nuclear Engineering and
Energy Conversions Claudio Rolle
University of Rome Manager, Boiler Engineering
Rome, Italy Ansaldo ABB Componenti
Milan, Italy
Rodolfo De Santis
Manager, General Engineering
Ansaldo Componenti Michele Sala
Milano, Italy Manager, Thermal and Fluid Dynamics
Section
Giuseppe Ferrari Ansaldo Componenti
ENEA C. R. E. Casaccia Milan, Italy
Rome, Italy
Luciano Gramiccia
Simona Socrate
University of Rome
University of Rome
Rome, Italy
Rome, Italy
Mario Mischiatti
Manager
Research and Development Luigi Sorabella
FBM Hudson Italiana Servizi Di Ricerche E Sviluppo
Milan, Italy Rome, Italy
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Evaporators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
J. G. Collier
Chapter 1
Steam Generators for Nuclear
Power Plants ............................................................................ 29
R. De Santis and M. Sala
Chapter 2
Fossil Fuel Fired Large-Size Steam Generators ......................................... 143
C. Rolle
Chapter 3
Fossil Fuel Fired Medium-Size Steam Generators ...................................... 261
G. Palumberi and L. Sorabella
Chapter 4
Chemical Plants and Allied Field Waste Heat Boilers for Plants ....................... 283
M. Mischiatti
Chapter 5
Steam Generations Sodium-Water Heat Exchangers .................................... 325
P. G. Avanzini
Chapter 6
Thermal Hydraulic Design of Main Auxiliary Components in Steam
Cycle Plants ............................................................................ 343
G. Ferrari, L. Gramiccia, M. Mischiatti, and S. Socrate
Index ................................................................................... 389
1
EVAPORATORS
J. G. Collier
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
II. Introduction ....................................................................... 2
III. Types of Evaporator .............................................................. 6
A. Horizontal Shell Side Evaporator .......................................... 6
B. Short Tube Vertical Evaporator ........................................... 6
C. Long Tube Vertical Evaporator. ........................................... 8
D. Falling Film Evaporator ................................................... 9
E. Horizontal Tube Side Evaporator .......................................... 9
F. Agitated Thin Film Evaporator ............................................ 9
G. Plate-Type Evaporators .................................................... 9
H. Submerged Combustion Evaporator ...................................... 11
IV. Evaporator Design ............................................................... 12
A. Energy Efficiency and Evaporator Arrangements ......................... 13
B. Multi-Stage Flash Evaporator. ............................................ 15
C. Vapor Recompression .................................................... 19
V. Thermo-Hydraulic Design ........................................................ 19
A. General ................................................................... 19
B. Pressure Drop and Circulation Rate ...................................... 20
C. Heat Transfer Rates ...................................................... 21
D. Boiling Inside Tubes ..................................................... 22
E. Boiling Outside Tubes .................................................... 22
F. Falling Film Evaporation ................................................. 22
G. Agitated Film Evaporation ............................................... 23
H. Mixture Effects ........................................................... 23
I. Enhanced Surfaces ....................................................... 23
J. Design Details ............................................................ 24
VI. Operational Problems ............................................................ 25
Acknowledgments ....................................................................... 27
Nomenclature ............................................................................ 27
Subscripts ............................................................................... 27
References ............................................................................... 27