Table Of ContentXixiang Zhang · Kaiqi Xiao · Jie Gu
Theory to
Countermeasures
Against New Radars
Theory to Countermeasures Against New Radars
· ·
Xixiang Zhang Kaiqi Xiao Jie Gu
Theory to Countermeasures
Against New Radars
XixiangZhang KaiqiXiao
SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute
ofElectronicEquipment ofElectronicEquipment
Chengdu,China Chengdu,China
JieGu
SouthwestChinaResearchInstitute
ofElectronicEquipment
Chengdu,China
ISBN978-981-16-6714-5 ISBN978-981-16-6715-2 (eBook)
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Preface
The author has been engaged in radar countermeasure research for 60 years, and
thismonographishisthirdbook.Thefirstmonograph,TheorytoCountermeasures
AgainstNewRadars,waspublishedbyNationalDefenseIndustryPressinFebruary
1998,anditmainlyintroducesthejammingtechnologyofconventionalpulseradar
andimprovedorpartiallyaddedanti-jammingradar.Thesecondmonograph,Elec-
tronic Warfare Technology and Application in Peacetime-Radar Countermeasure,
waspublishedbyElectronicIndustryPressinJanuary2005,anditmainlyintroduces
themanifestationofelectronicwarfareinpeacetime.Ahostoffactsarepresentedto
showthatelectronicwarfareisnotonlywidelyusedinwartime,butalsobroadlyand
secretlyusedinpeacetime,andcountriesallaroundtheworldattachgreatimportance
toit.Electronicwarfareis“fightingeveryday”essentially.Itshouldbeparticularly
reminded that some hegemonic countries have put forward a “preemptive strike”
strategy. In time of peace, when people are not paying attention, the hegemonic
countries use electronic equipment and other techniques to make clear reconnais-
sance of their target and then make a sudden attack, which will cause huge losses
totheoppositesideormaketheoppositesideunabletoresist.Therefore,whether
in peace or war, we must be vigilant at all times to prevent unexpected events. As
long as we are prepared at any time, some hegemonists who “preempt” will not
dare to act rashly. Only in this way can lasting peace be maintained in the world,
andaharmoniousworldbeestablished.Thethirdmonograph,IntroductiontoRadar
CountermeasuresintheNewSystem,mainlysummarizesmy50-yearradarcounter-
measure work and explores some radar countermeasure laws. Radar has a history
of practical application for more than 70 years since it worked as military equip-
mentinthe1930s.RadarhasplayedagreatroleinWorldWarII.Afterthat,though
no more world war happened, radar still played an important role in every local
war. Radar is a clairvoyant eye, and it not detects targets only thousands of miles
awaybutfarther.Withcontinuousdevelopmentofelectronictechnology,manynew
radar systems have emerged, such as various systems in conventional pulse radar,
pulsecompressionradar,pulse-Dopplerradar,syntheticapertureradar,phasedarray
radar,frequency-agileradar,andmultipleinputmultipleoutputradar.Radarjamming
comes into being with the emergence of radar and grows with the development of
v
vi Preface
radar.Thatistosay,radarcountermeasureswerebornsincethedaywhenradarwas
applied, and when radar develops a new system, jamming equipment against this
newsystemalsoappears.
Noradarcannotbejammed,andnojammingcannotberesisted.Fromtheanalysis
ofthelawsofvariousradarsystems,wecanseethatradarandvariousradioequipment
havethreecommonweaknesses:
(1) Allkindsofsignalsworkinginthereceivingpassbandofradarorradioequip-
mentcanbereceived,regardlessofwhethertheyaretrueorfalseandwhether
theyarefromtheenemyorourselves.
(2) No matter what signal processing method the radar adopts, as long as the
jamming signal ratio reaches a certain threshold, it is impossible to extract
usefulinformationfromthemixtureofjammingandsignal.
(3) Nomatterwhatkindofantennatheradaruses,ithassidelobeswithin360°.
Thesethreeweaknessesexistbecauseoftheinherentcharacteristicsofradarand
radioequipment,soallkindsofradarsystemcanbeeffectivelyjammed.However,
ifwewanttoachieveeffectivejamming,wemustmeetsixnecessaryconditions:
(1) Aimingatthejammingfrequency;
(2) The main lobe of the transmitter antenna of the jammer should aim at the
jammedtarget;
(3) Thejammingsuppressingtimeshouldbegenerallycontinuous;
(4) Different jamming suppression coefficients are required for diverse radar
systems;
(5) Thespectrumwidthofthejammingsignalshouldbelargerthanthebandwidth
oftheradarreceiver;
(6) The polarization of the jamming signal should be consistent with that of the
jammedsignal.
Once meeting these conditions, one jammer can form effective suppressing
jammingagainstradarswithmultiplesystemsinthesamefrequencyband,whichis
called“onemachinetomultiplesystems”jammer.Ifthesesixnecessaryconditions
arenotmet,thejammingeffectwilldeteriorateorbelost.
Thisbookmakesaquantitativeanalysisofthejammingeffectsofvariousradar
systems,includingconventionalpulseradar,pulsecompressionradar,pulse-Doppler
radar, synthetic aperture radar, phased array radar, and bistatic radar, etc., and
the jamming effects of these radars installed on different platforms. The bench-
mark of jamming effect analysis is to evaluate the jamming effect of radars with
different systems installed on various platforms, with the effective jamming areas
and jamming exposure areas after jamming, or with the effective detection area
decreasingpercentageafterjamming,orwiththeangletrackingerroranddistance
trackingerror’ssignificantincreasesafterjamming.
Inthisbook,aunifiedjammingequationforvarioussystemradarsisderivedfrom
theeffectivesuppressionjammingtodifferentsystemradars.Byusingthissuitable
jamming equation, the required jamming equivalent power can be calculated on
conditionofdeterministiceffectivejammingareawhendifferentsystemradarsare
Preface vii
installed on different platforms, and then the jamming program is simplified. In
theunifiedequationofradarjamming,theeffective jammingareaisrelatedtothe
followingparameters:
(cid:129)
Radarradiationequivalentpower;
(cid:129)
Transmissionpulsewidth;
(cid:129)
Equivalentreflectionareaoftheprotectedtarget;
(cid:129)
Distancebetweenjammerandradar;
(cid:129)
Distancebetweenradarandtheprotectedtarget;
(cid:129)
Main/auxiliarygainratioofradarantenna;
(cid:129)
Transmitterfeederloss;
(cid:129)
Thetransmissionlossofsignalandjammingsignalinspace;
(cid:129)
Equivalentradiationpowerofjammer;
(cid:129)
Feederlossofjammingtransmitter;
(cid:129)
Polarizationlossofjammer;
(cid:129)
Ratioofspectrumwidthofjammingsignaltopassbandwidthofradarreceiver;
(cid:129)
Jammingblanketfactor.
Therefore,therewillbesomeerrorswhencalculatingjammingsuppressionand
jammingzone,sothecalculatedvalueofeffectivejammingareaexemplifiedinthe
bookcanonlybeusedforreference.Ifwewanttogetmoreaccuratedata,wemust
combineitwiththeactualtest.
Thisbooktellsthedevelopmentofradarandradarcountermeasures.Itdetailedly
describes the countermeasures and jamming effects of new system radars, the
calculation of the required jamming equivalent power, the calculation of jamming
blanketfactorrequiredbyradarsofdifferentsystems,andtheapplicableformulaof
parameters.
This book is suitable for designers engaged in radar jammers, professionals in
research and production of electronic warfare, teaching staff of electronic warfare
specialty, military commanders, professional operators, and military and political
leadersforreference.Itcanalsohelpreadersexpandtheirknowledgeandunderstand
electronicwarfare,informationwarfare,andfutureinformatizationwarfare.
Chapters 1–7, 9–10 are written by the first author of this book, and the second
author ofthisbookwritesChap. 8Broadband Antenna Technology. Thethirdand
secondauthorshavecompiledandcorrectedthecharts,curves,andsomecontents
inthisbook.
viii Preface
ThisbookhasreceivedtheguidanceandsupportofexpertsincludingResearcher
Gaoxianwei,DeputyDirectorHetao,DeputyChiefEngineerLiyao,andDeputy
DirectorLiujiang,Zhangli,keylaboratoryofnationaldefenseelectronicwarfare.
At the same time, we also received specific help and support from Mu hao, Liu
yinghong,Fengmei,ZhangZhongjie,andothercomrades.
Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltthanksforthis!
Chengdu,China XixiangZhang
KaiqiXiao
JieGu
Contents
1 TheDevelopmentofRadarandRadarCountermeasure .......... 1
1.1 TheOverviewofRadarDevelopment ....................... 1
1.1.1 TheOriginofRadar ............................... 1
1.1.2 TheFundamentalPrincipleofRadar ................. 2
1.1.3 TheFundamentalFunctionofRadar ................. 3
1.1.4 TheBasicCompositionofRadar .................... 4
1.1.5 TheMainWeaknessofRadar ....................... 5
1.1.6 TheFrequencyofRadar ........................... 7
1.1.7 TypicalStatisticalAverageofRadarCross-Section
(RCS) ........................................... 8
1.1.8 RadarAntenna ................................... 12
1.2 DevelopmentofRadarCountermeasures ..................... 14
1.2.1 DevelopmentofRadarCountermeasuresAbroad ...... 15
1.2.2 Overview of the Development of Chniese
ElectronicCountermeasures ........................ 16
1.2.3 Overview of the Development of Radar
CountermeasureTechnology ....................... 17
1.2.4 JammingEquationtoConventionalPulseRadar ....... 19
1.2.5 JammingtoConeScanningRadar ................... 21
1.2.6 JammingtotheHiddenCone-ScanningRadar ........ 27
1.2.7 JammingtoMonopulseTrackingRadar .............. 28
1.2.8 JammingtoFrequencyAgileRadar ................. 36
1.2.9 CountermeasureAgainstthe“AGM-45Shrike
Anti-radiationMissile” ............................ 40
1.3 DevelopmentofElectronicWarfaretoInformationWarfare .... 47
1.3.1 OverviewoftheBattlefieldofInformationized
Operations ....................................... 48
1.3.2 The Concept of Information Warfare
andInformationizedOperations ..................... 53
1.3.3 Use “Information Warfare” to Deal
with“InformationizedOperations” .................. 55
ix
x Contents
2 CountermeasuresAgainstSyntheticApertureRadar ............. 65
2.1 OperatingPrincipleofSyntheticApertureRadar .............. 67
2.1.1 EquationofSyntheticApertureRadar ............... 67
2.1.2 CompositionofSyntheticApertureRadar ............ 71
2.1.3 PulseRepetitionFrequencySelectionofSynthetic
ApertureRadar ................................... 73
2.2 JammingPrincipleforSyntheticApertureRadar .............. 75
2.2.1 JammingEquationtoSAR ......................... 75
2.2.2 JammingEquivalentPowerRequiredforSAR ........ 77
2.3 MeasurementandAnalysisofSARJammingSuppression
Coefficient .............................................. 78
2.3.1 ComputerSimulationMeasurement ................. 78
2.3.2 IndoorsSimulationTestofLowPowerJamming
AgainstFormalSAR .............................. 80
2.3.3 Flight Test on the Jamming Suppression
CoefficientforAirborneSAR ....................... 81
2.3.4 Data Analysis of Airborne SAR Jamming
SuppressionCoefficientfromFlightTest ............. 82
2.4 AnalysisonReflectionAreaofPointTarget .................. 85
2.4.1 Mechanism of Radar Target High-Frequency
Scattering ....................................... 85
2.4.2 Measurement on Equivalent Reflection Area
ofComplexTarget’sScatteringCenter ............... 86
2.4.3 RCSofRegularObjects ........................... 87
2.5 TimelyReconnaissanceofSpaceborneSAR .................. 88
2.5.1 Necessity of Timely Reconnaissance
forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 88
2.5.2 Feasibility of Timely Reconnaissance
forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 90
2.5.3 RequirementsforTimelySARReconnaissance
Stations ......................................... 91
2.5.4 CompositionofTimelyReconnaissanceStations
forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 98
2.6 TimelySuppressionJammingAgainstSpaceborneSAR ....... 100
2.6.1 Feasibility of Timely Suppression Jamming
AgainstSpaceborneSAR .......................... 100
2.6.2 JammingProtectionZoneofSpaceborneSAR
fromaSingleSuppressionJammingStation .......... 102
2.6.3 Protection Zone of Space Borne SAR
fromMultipleSuppressionJammingStations ......... 103
2.6.4 Composition of Suppression Stations
forSpaceborneSAR .............................. 106
2.7 JammingAgainsttheRadarIdentificationSystem ............. 114
2.8 Jamming Against Variable Polarization Height
MeasurementSAR ....................................... 116
