The vitamins

599 Pages·2012·12.62 MB·English

by  Gerald F Combs

The Vitamins
Fourth Edition
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The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health
Gerald F. Combs, Jr.
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ACADEMIC
PRESS
The Vitamins
Fourth Edition
Gerald F. Combs, Jr
Professor Emeritus
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY

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Fourth edition 2012
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ISBN: 978-0-12-381980-2
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Contents
Preface xvii The Lines Converge 15
Preface to the Third Edition xix Funk’s Theory 15
Preface to the Second Edition xxi Impact of the New Concept 15
Preface to the First Edition xxiii Elucidation of the Vitamines 17
How to Use This Book xxv 6. Elucidation of the Vitamins 17
New Animal Model Reveals New
Part I Vitamin: “C” 17
Fat-Soluble A: Actually Two Factors 18
Perspectives on the Vitamins in
Vitamin A Prevents Rickets? 18
Nutrition
New Vitamin: “D” 19
β-Carotene, a Provitamin 19
1. What is a Vitamin? 3 Vitamin A Linked to Vision 19
The Nature of Vitamin D 19
1. Thinking About Vitamins 3
Multiple Identities of Water-Soluble B 20
2. Vitamin: A Revolutionary Concept 4
Vitamin B : A Complex of Several
2
Everyday Word or Revolutionary
Factors 20
Idea? 4
Components of the Vitamin B
2
Vitamin or Vitamine? 4
Complex 20
3. An Operating Definition of a Vitamin 4
Vitamin B Complex Yields Riboflavin 20
Some Caveats 4 2
Vitamin B Complex Yields Niacin 21
4. The Recognized Vitamins 6 2
Impact of an Animal Model for Pellagra 22
B Complex Yields Pyridoxine 22
2. Discovery of the Vitamins 7 2
B Complex Yields Pantothenic Acid 22
2
1. The Emergence of Nutrition as a Science 8 A Fat-Soluble, Anti-Sterility Factor:
2. The Process of Discovery in Nutritional Vitamin E 23
Science 8 Antihemorrhagic Factor: Vitamin K 23
Empiricism and Experiment 8 Bios Yields Biotin 24
3. The Empirical Phase of Vitamin Discovery 8 Anti-Anemia Factors 25
Diseases Linked to Diet 9 Antipernicious Anemia Factor 26
Ideas Prevalent by 1900 11 Vitamin B12 Isolated 27
Limitations of Empiricism 12 Vitamins Discovered in Only
4. The Experimental Phase of Vitamin Five Decades 27
Discovery 12 7. Vitamin Terminology 27
Requirements of Nutrition Research 12 8. Other Factors Sometimes Called Vitamins 29
Major Forces in the Emergence of 9. The Modern History of the Vitamins 29
Nutritional Science 13 Recommended Reading 30
An Animal Model for Beriberi 13
Antiberiberi Factor Is Announced 14
3. Properties of Vitamins 33
5. The Vitamine Theory 14
Defined Diets Revealed Needs for 1. Chemical and Physical Properties of the
Accessory Factors 14 Vitamins 34
Two Lines of Inquiry 14 Classifying the Vitamins According
Two Lines of Inquiry Leading to the to Their Solubilities 34
Discovery of the Vitamins 15 Vitamin Nomenclature 40
vii
viii Contents
2. Vitamin A 40 17. Metabolism of the Vitamins 65
Vitamin A Nomenclature 41 Some Vitamins Have Limited
Chemistry of Vitamin A 41 Biosynthesis 65
Vitamin A Biopotency 42 Most Vitamins Require Metabolic
3. Vitamin D 42 Activation 66
Vitamin D Nomenclature 43 Vitamin Binding to Proteins 66
Vitamin D Chemistry 43 Vitamin Excretion 66
Vitamin D Biopotency 44 18. Metabolic Functions of the Vitamins 69
4. Vitamin E 45 Vitamins Serve Five Basic Functions 69
Vitamin E Nomenclature 45 Recommended Reading 70
Vitamin E Chemistry 45
Vitamin E Biopotency 46 4. Vitamin Deficiency 71
5. Vitamin K 46
1. The Concept of Vitamin Deficiency 72
Vitamin K Nomenclature 46
What Is Meant by the Term Vitamin
Vitamin K Chemistry 47
Deficiency? 72
Vitamin K Biopotency 47
Vitamin Deficiencies Involve Cascades
6. Vitamin C 47
of Progressive Changes 72
Vitamin C Nomenclature 48
Stages of Vitamin Deficiency 73
Vitamin C Chemistry 48
2. Clinical Manifestations of Vitamin
Vitamin C Biopotency 49
Deficiencies 73
7. Thiamin 49
Many Organ Systems Can Be Affected
Thiamin Nomenclature 49
by Vitamin Deficiencies 73
Thiamin Chemistry 49
3. Vitamin Deficiency Diseases:
8. Riboflavin 50
Manifestations of Biochemical Lesions 73
Riboflavin Nomenclature 50
Relationships Between Biochemical
Riboflavin Chemistry 50
Lesions and Clinical Diseases of
9. Niacin 51
Vitamin Deficiencies 73
Niacin Nomenclature 51
4. The Many Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies 76
Niacin Chemistry 51
Primary and Secondary Causes of
10. Vitamin B 52
6 Vitamin Deficiencies 76
Vitamin B Nomenclature 52
6 Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies
Vitamin B Chemistry 52
6 in Humans 76
11. Biotin 53
Causes of Vitamin Deficiencies
Biotin Nomenclature 53
in Animals 79
Biotin Chemistry 53
Intervention is Most Effective in Early
12. Pantothenic Acid 53
Stages of Vitamin Deficiency 79
Pantothenic Acid Nomenclature 53
Recommended Reading 90
Pantothenic Acid Chemistry 54
13. Folate 54
Folate Nomenclature 54 Part II
Folate Chemistry 55 Considering the Individual Vitamins
14. Vitamin B 55
12
Vitamin B Nomenclature 56
12 5. Vitamin A 93
Vitamin B Chemistry 56
12
15. General Properties of the Vitamins 57 1. The Significance of Vitamin A 94
Multiple Forms of Vitamins 57 2. Sources of Vitamin A 94
Vitamin Stability 57 Dietary Sources of Vitamin A 94
Vitamin Analysis 59 Expressing the Vitamin A Activities
16. Physiological Utilization of the Vitamins 59 in Foods 95
Vitamin Bioavailability 59 Foods Rich in Vitamin A 96
Vitamin Absorption 59 3. Absorption of Vitamin A 97
Vitamin Transport 64 Absorption of Retinoids 97
Tissue Distribution of the Vitamins 65 Absorption of Carotenoids 97
Contents ix
Carotenoid Metabolism Linked to Case 2 135
Absorption 97 Case 3 136
Mucosal Metabolism of Retinol 99 Case Questions and Exercises 136
4. Transport of Vitamin A 100 Recommended Reading 137
Retinyl Esters Conveyed by Chylomicra
in Lymph 100 6. Vitamin D 139
Transport of Carotenoids 100
1. The Significance of Vitamin D 140
Impact of Abetalipoproteinemia 100
2. Sources of Vitamin D 141
Vitamin A Uptake by the Liver 101
Distribution in Foods 141
Retinol Transported Protein-Bound
Biosynthesis of Vitamin D 142
in the Plasma 101 3
Bioactive Vitamin D Analogs 145
Other Vitamin A-Binding Proteins
3. Enteric Absorption of Vitamin D 145
Involved in Vitamin A Transport 103
Micelle-Dependent Passive
Cellular Uptake of Retinol 104
Diffusion 145
Transport Roles of Vitamin A-Binding
4. Transport of Vitamin D 146
Proteins 105
Transfer from Chylomicra to
Retinol Recycling 106
Plasma 146
Plasma Retinol Homeostasis 106
Tissue Distribution 147
Vitamin A in the Eye 106
5. Metabolism of Vitamin D 147
Milk Retinol 107
Metabolic Activation 147
5. Metabolism of Vitamin A 107
Catabolism 149
Metabolic Fates of Retinol 107
Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism 149
Role of Retinoid-Binding Proteins in
6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin D 150
Modulating Vitamin A Metabolism 109
Vitamin D as a Steroid Hormone 150
Excretion of Vitamin A 110 3
1,25-(OH) -D as the Metabolically
6. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin A 110 2 3
Active Form 151
Vitamin A in Vision 110
Pathways of Vitamin D Function 151
Systemic Functions of Vitamin A 112
Roles of Vitamin D in Calcium and
Vitamin A Regulation of Gene
Phosphorus Metabolism 155
Transcription 112
Vitamin D Functions in Non-Calcified
A Coenzyme Role for Vitamin A? 115
Tissues 161
Vitamin A in Embryogenesis 115
7. Vitamin D in Health and Disease 163
Vitamin A in Reproduction 116
Autoimmune Diseases 163
Vitamin A in Bone Metabolism 116
Risk of Falling 167
Vitamin A in Hematopoiesis 117
Cardiovascular Health 167
7. Vitamin A in Health and Disease 118
Anticarcinogenesis 167
Immune Function 118
Healthful Vitamin D Status 170
Skin Health 122
8. Vitamin D Deficiency 171
Obesity 122
Causes of Vitamin D Deficiency 171
Drug Metabolism 123
Signs of Vitamin D Deficiency 172
Antioxidant Protection 123
Vitamin D Deficiency in Humans 172
Cardiovascular Health 124
Vitamin D Deficiency in Animals 174
Anticarcinogenesis 124
9. Vitamin D Toxicity 175
8. Vitamin A Deficiency 126
10. Case Studies 176
Detection of Vitamin A Deficiency 129
Instructions 176
Treatment of Vitamin A Deficiency 131
Case 1 177
9. Vitamin A Toxicity 132
Case 2 177
Embryotoxic Potential of High Levels
Case Questions and Exercises 178
of Vitamin A 133
Recommended Reading 178
Carotenoid Toxicity 134
10. Case Studies 135
7. Vitamin E 181
Instructions 135
Case 1 135 1. The Significance of Vitamin E 182