Table Of ContentBritish History in Perspective
General Editor: Jeremy Black
PUBLISHED TITLES
Rodney Barker Politics, Peoples and Government
C. J. Bartlett British Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century
Jeremy Black Robert Walpole and the Nature ofP olitics in Early
Eighteenth-Century Britain
D. G. Boyce The Irish Question and British Politics, I868-1996 (2nd edn)
Keith M. Brown Kingdom or Province? &otland and the Regal
Union, 1603-1715
A. D. Carr Medieval Wales
Anne Curry The Hundred Year.s War
John W. Derry British Politics in the Age ofF ox, Pitt and Liverpool
Susan Doran England and Europe in the Sixteenth Century
Sean DuffY Ireland in the Middle Ages
William Gibson Church, State and Society, 1760-1850
David Gladstone The Twentieth-Century Welfare State
Brian Golding Conquest and Colonisation: the ND'T7TWns in Britain, 1066-1100
S.J. Gunn Early Tudor Government, 1485-1558
J. Gwynfor Jones Early Modem Wales, c.1525-1640
Richard Harding The Evolution of the Sailing Navy, 1509-1815
David Harkness Ireland in the Twentieth Century: Divided Island
Ann Hughes The Causes of the English Civil War (2nd edn)
Ronald Hutton The British Republic, 1649-1660
Kevin Jefferys The Labour Party since 1945
T. A. Jenkins Disraeli and Victorian Conservatism
T. A. Jenkins Sir Robert Peel
D. M. Loades The MUJ.Tudor Crisis, 1545-1565
Diarmaid MacCulloch The Later RefO'T7TWtion in England,1547-1603
A. P. Martinich Thomas Hobbes
John F. McCaffrey Scotland in the Nineteenth Century
W. David Mcln tyre British Decolonization, 1946-1997:
When, Why and How did the British Empire Fall?
W. M. Ormrod PoliticalLifeinMedievalEngland, 1300-1450
Richie Ovendale Anglo-American Relations in the Twentieth Century
Ian Packer Lluyd George
Keith Perry British Politics and the American Revolution
Murray G. H. Pittock Jacobitism
A. J. Pollard The Wars of the Rnses
David Powell British Politics and the Labour Question, 1868-1990
David Powell The Edwardian Crisis
Richard Rex Henry VIII and the English Reformation
G. R. Searle The Liberal Party: Triumph and Disintegration, 1886-1929
Paul Seaward The Restoration, 1660-1668
W. M. Spellman john Locke
William Stafford John Stuart Mill
Robert Stewart Party and Politics, 1830-1852
Bruce Webster Medieval Scotland
Titles continued overleaf
List continued frum previous page
Ann Williams Kingship and Government in PrtJ-Conquest England
John W. Young Britain and European Unity, 1945-92
Michael B. Young Charles I
FORTHCOMING
Walter L. Arnstein Queen Victoria
Ian Arthurson Henry VII
Toby Barnard The Kingdom ofI reland, 1640-1740
Eugenio Biagini Gladstone
Peter Catterall The Labour Party, 1918-1945
Gregory Claeys The French Revolution Debate in Britain
Pauline Croft James I
Eveline Cruickshanks The Glorious Revolution
John Davis British Politics, 1885-1939
David Dean Parliament and Politics in Elizabethan andJ acobean England,
1558-1614
Colin Eldridge The Victorians Overseas
Richard English The IRA
Alan Heesom The Anglo-Irish Union, 1800-1922
I. G. C. Hutchison Scottish Politics in the Twentieth Century
Gareth Jones Wales, 1700-1980: Crisis ofI dentity
H. S. Jones Political Thought in Nineteenth-Century Britain
D. E. Kennedy TheEnglish&volution, 1642-1649
Carol Levin The Reign ofE lizabeth I
Roger Mason Kingship and Tyranny? Scotland, 1513-1603
Hiram Morgan Ireland in the Early Modern Periphery, 1534-1690
R. C. Nash English Foreign Trade and the World Economy, 1600-1800
Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson Britain and the Impact of World War I
Brian Quintrell Government and Politics in Early Stuart England
Stephen Roberts Governance in England and Wales, 1603-1688
David Scott The British Civil Wars
John Shaw The Political History ofE ighteenth-Century Scotland
Alan Sykes The Radical Right in Britain
Ann Wiekel The Elizabethan Counter-Revolution
Ian Wood Churchill
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
THE TwENTIETH-CENTURY
WELFARE STATE
DAVID GLADSTONE
First published in Great Britain 1999 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-0-333-66921-1 ISBN 978-1-349-27525-0 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-27525-0
First published in the United States of America 1999 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-22087-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gladstone, David, 1947-
The twentieth-century welfare state I David Gladstone.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
I. Public welfare-Great Britain-History-20th century. 2. Human
services-Great Britain-History-20th century. 3. Welfare state
-History-20th century. I. Title.
HV245.G48 1999
361.6'5'0941 0904--dc21 98-46249
CIP
© David Gladstone 1999
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenharn Court Road, London WI P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
08 07 06 05 04 03 02 0 I 00 99
CONTENTS
Preface VII
Introduction 1
1 Antecedents 9
Welfare and the Public Sector 9
Welfare, the Public Sector and Children 11
Welfare, the Public Sector and Adults of Working Age 12
Welfare, the Public Sector and Old Age 15
Explaining the Expansion 16
Reaction to the Expanding State 19
The First World War and its Impact 21
The Interwar H?ars 23
Conclusion 31
2 Creation 32
The Classic Welfare State 32
The Second World War and the Welfare State 34
Planning 36
The Beveridge Report, 1942 38
The 1945 General Election 40
Labour's Welfare Programme 42
Reacting to the Welfare State 46
Conclusion 51
3 Consensus 52
The Changing Statutory Sector 56
The Moving Frontier 66
Crisis 70
v
Vl Contents
4 Reappraisal 73
Thatcher and Thatchel'ism 74
Thatcherism and the Welfare State 80
The Independent Sector and the Welfare Stale 87
5 Getting and Spending 92
Public Expenditure: Some Long-term Trends 93
Raising Revenue 98
He who Pays the Piper ... 103
Local Welfare, Centml Finance 104
Mutual Aid, Charity and Contmct 107
Tax and Spend and Public Opinion 110
6 Professionals, Managers and Users 113
The Changing Labmtr Force 114
Professionals and Consumers 123
7 Gender, Class and Generation 133
Gender 134
Class 142
Genemtion 147
Conclusion 153
Bibliography 157
Index 173
PREFACE
Welfare states and their future are issues of political concern in many
countries. In Britain, for example, the Labour government elected in
May 1997 has accorded a high place to welfare reforms in its first year in
office. In part, at least, this widespread political reassessment is a recog
nition of the fact that the context within which welfare policies presently
operate is enormously different from the assumptive worlds shared - to
greater or lesser degree - by their creators fifty years ago. Then, full
employment for men, family stability and national autonomy were
defining characteristics of an era in which 'the modern welfare state
became an intrinsic part of capitalism's post-war "golden age"' (Esping
Andersen, 1996, p. 1) . Now, that world has been transformed. Globaliza
tion, the structure of families, patterns of employment, an ageing
population, growing inequalities, as well as the political concern with
rising costs, are all part of the changed world of late-twentieth-century
welfare. It has been suggested of the British experience that 'these
transformations have created new risks which cannot be addressed
by Beveridge's "cradle to grave" welfare state, founded on a lifecourse
of full-time male employment when interruptions would be predictable
and temporary, "dependent" wife and children and a relatively
short retirement' (Oppenheim, 1997a, p. 2). It is such an analysis
which ostensibly forms the background to the Blair government's
comprehensive review of the welfare state and its commitment to an
'active, modern service' and a new welfare contract between citizen
and state.
This book, however, is concerned more with Britain's welfare past
than its future. Yet there is a strong element of continuity that pervades
the twentieth-century discourse on welfare and which underpins some
of the current proposals for change: the relationship between work and
welfare, the balance of responsibilities between state and citizen, a wel
fare state based on shared risks and universal entitlements, or one which
Vll
Vlll Preface
targets support more selectively to those who need it most. These are
not only the continuities inherited from Britain's welfare past. They are
also the reality of today's political 'hard choices'.
The growth and changing nature of government activity is a central
theme in studies of Britain's twentieth-century welfare experience. The
factors that have shaped it, the legislation that has embodied it and some
assessment of its performance are, therefore, inevitably part of
the narrative of this book. But historical perspectives on Britain's
welfare past have increasingly shifted away from a linear progression
leading towards the goal of solidaristic, comprehensive state welfare.
Rather, they have highlighted the existence of a mixed economy of
welfare with a shifting balance between different welfare agencies, in
different sectors and at different historical periods. That 'moving
frontier' (Finlayson, 1990) provides a perspective on the changing
dynamic of the total welfare system. But it also highlights the complex
interrelationship of continuity and change within the individual sectors
of British welfare in the twentieth century. It is a perspective which
structures much of what follows.
I have incurred many debts in writing this book, not least to the wide
variety of scholars who have made the study of welfare such a burgeon
ing and stimulating area of academic inquiry. This book aims to provide
a narrative and assessment which draws on the results of such recent
research. In the process of blending it into a larger picture, I hope I
have maintained at least some of the stimulation of the original. In
addition to the research on which it draws, much of what is included
here has benefited by presentation to a variety of audiences in this
country and elsewhere. Their comment, criticism and discussion has
helped to clarify my thinking and to broaden my perspective.
It was Jeremy Black's suggestion that I undertook this study and,
though I may have at times regretted the decision as the project grew
wider, I am grateful to him and the editorial staff at Macmillan for their
patience and forbearance. In its final preparation for the publishers, I
am immensely grateful to Carrie Anderson for all her careful, skilful
and efficient work. Only my family, however, really know how much has
been involved in balancing such a review against a constant stream of
other (invariably academic) commitments and demands. It is to them -
to Noreen and Alexandra especially-that the book is dedicated.
This book has been completed in the year of the fiftieth anniversary of
the postwar creation of the National Health Service and the 'cradle to
the grave' system of income maintenance foreshadowed in the 1942
Preface IX
Beveridge Report. Their implementation on 5 July 1948 was hailed in
the political 'spin' of the period as 'a day which makes history'. Though
the judgement of time may be more ambivalent about what was
achieved, that defining moment still exerts its influence on options for
the future and the debate about the balance of welfare responsibilities
between state and citizen. But it was only part - though an important
part - of the longer and more complex story of Britain's twentieth
century welfare past. It is an exploration of that past that we now begin.
University of Bristol DAVID GLADSTONE
