The Syriac Orthodox in the principality of Antioch during

30 Pages·2010·6.25 MB·English

by  Weltecke, Dorothea

THE SYRIACO RTHODOX INT HE PRINCIPALIOTFY
ANTIOCHD URINGT HE CRUSADERP ERIOD
DOROTHEA WELTECKE'"
llllroductioll
Fromt hey ea5r 18w.h enS everoufsA ntiowcahs b anneudn,t itlh e
timoef t hec rusadtehse, patrisaerewc ahsaa ll wayisnf inpno ssession
oft hei mpericahlu rIc,hb utt hen ameo ft hec itrye mainpeadr ctf t he
nomenclatouftr heee xilpeadt riaWrhcehn.' theen tiEraes t' awdadse d
tot het itiiets. o metimceasu secdo ntrovebertswye etnh e Syriac Ortho­
doxp atriaarncdth h ep rimaosft heS yriac Orthodooxu tcshiutdrhece h
confinoefts h eE mpirteh,e m aphriaansl, h ebya lbhe campea rotf t he
AbbasiEdm pirient hee ighth cePnatturriyaD.ri cohn ysoifuTse l-Ma�re
(t8 42h)a dd efin'etdh een tiEraes ta'st hee ntiArsei acna ntinfreonmt ,
theM editerratnoet ahnec onfinoefts h ei nhabiwtoerdl d2,
The mOfei mportaanndtc onslaenlte meonftt het ithloew,e vewra,s
Antiacwhh,i chw as nevienrq uestiTohnu.s ,t hep atriarchwaatse
definneedi thbeyr the chabnogridneogrf st hea reoaf j urisdicntoiro n,
bya confessnioornb y,a peopIbeu,tb yA ntioc'bt,hc ea pitoafSl y ria'J,
thea postosleiecA. n dw ittbh et itSIeev,e ruesx'i led succaelswsaoyrss
upheltdh eicrl aitmo t heB asteprna rotf t heu niverOsratlh odCohxU TCh
andi tmse mberrse,g ardlofel sasn guaogrne a tion.
Thust her elevaonfct eh es ubjeocftt hiasc couinste vident haasn d
beenr ecognifzoersd o met imeI.n t heirre spectwiovrek sw,h ichh ave
lonbge comset andaCrlda,u dCea hena'n dB ernardH amiltocnasr efully
• Abbreivatiounsse idn I hfeo otnoles:
_ TodtA,n tioch:: eKi.a· PT.od tR.e giounn dg riechisch-orPtahrtoidaorxcevhsoa nl Anti­
ocheiianm itte/byzantZieniiutsn cdih meZ re italdteerKr r euzzü(g96e9 -12(04W)ie s­
baden1,9 98()m anuscript).
I wIo uleds peciall1y0 t hlainkAkem ilGlo rgiHsu.b erKtau fhoa!nddK laus-Peter
Todfto ard viacen dc ritidciaslc ussion.
1 DionysoifuTse l-MaasJ:r qrueo tbeydM ichatehlSe y riaCnh,r onipc.!4 e1,(1 Dp,.4 14).
Iu sFei eYOtr ieCnhsr istiNaonvuussa s,r eferefnocnrea measn dd ates.
3 Anonymcih ronipcroonfa .da nnum1 234n,.p .5 6( np,.4 1)B.ar 'EbroCyöh.,,o ni­
eons yriacpu.m5 ,2 5(p 44.8 ).
( CahenL,aS yrideuN ord.
S Hamilton,La tiCnh ureh.
96
investigtahtehe ids toorfyt heS yriaOcr thodoinxt hep rincipaolfi ty
AntiocThh.e irre latiwointsth h eL atinwse rea lsaos sessiendJ o shua
Prawers'tsu doyn t hem inoritiinOe ust remaenrd i na recetnhte sbiys
ChristoMpahceErv itTth.es6 t andawrodr kosn t heh istoorfyt heS yriac
Orthodocxh urefhr omt hee leven1t0 ht het hirteecnetohl uarrye o,f
coursael,s roe levaMnetn.t7i osnh ould baelm saod eo ft hes ourccer ili�
cala nalybsyiA sn nelieLsüed ersT.h8e f ecenm!a jowro rkb yK laus­
PeteTro dro peneudpt heh istocrfmy e dievAanlt iofcrho mt hep erspec­
tivoef t heG reeOkr thodpoaxt riarcHhea tael.st9oh orougrhelvyi ewed
thes ourcceosn cemitnhgeS yriOacr thodaonxd a ddende wd etails.
Theo utlionfet sh el ifet hoeSf y riOarct hodoxO uitnr emaerree stab­
lisheudn:J itkheeM aronitoret sh eA rmeniacnh urcthh,eS yriaOcr tho­
doxc hurcrhe mained ofifnidceipaelnldye anlttlhOo,u gh j(ohienyte hde
Anneniainnst heivra rionuesg otiatwiiotnhts h e GreaenkdsL atins
respectivSeclhyo.llamlro sr eo rl esasg ree rtehlaatt iboentsw een Latins
andS yriOarct hodionxO utremweerr eg eneragloloyd .
61 .P rawe'rS,o cCilaals sients h Ce rusaSdteart lehs:e" Minoireist"i'nC, r u.\'lId",f,
Settvo,np ,p5 .9 1-22C., HM,a cEviCtrtc,a tiCnhgr istIidacnn rirCiIe"sI:I ,wuul/lwedcr u,l'{
Cammunitiine(s h eL evan1(0 97-11(8D7i sPsr.i,n ce2t0o0n2,() m icrofMialcmElv.i tt
largecloyn centornal theeks i ngdoomfJ erusalCeomn,c emirnegc ernets eaorncth h c
principoaflA inttyi oscehe H .E,M ayetV,a riaA ntiochf'Sntau:d ie:nlI m Krell:­
fahrljieirstentAunmt iocihmi/ a2 .u nd/ 3. JahrhuMnGdHer,t S,t udiuennd T ext6e ,
(Hanno1v9e9r3,) .
7 Fore xamppl,Ke a werDaiue,j akobitiKsicrhcehi emZ eitaldteer,r t yrt!lilsR c,h'/wi.f­
sanceI:de ue ndW irklic(hBkeeirtl2 i1n9,6 0W).; S elbO,ri entali,tdKliCr/,�c wllrl.'2c llt,
vol(sV ienna,1 918998I)1.N;, a be-vSoCnh önbeDtigew, e srsyriKsicrlctliclmM l.' itetall­
ter( 800-1/(5D0i)s tsh.e oHle"i delb1e9r7g6,)Th .; BenneDri,e ,\)' ricsh-jukvbLi't isch
Kircheu ntebryz anticnhiers Herrscihma1 ft0 .u nd/ 1,J ahrhund(eDrits tsh.e oMla.t,­
burg, 1989).
H A,L üderDsi,eK reuzzugeU rtiemsi ylr iscuhnedra rmellisQduue.'lrl (eD"i ss.,
Berlin,1964).
9 TodtAn,t iochIe wioau; lldi k1e0t hanHku berKta ufhoalnddK laus-PTeotdeftro t
permistsoiu osnet hmea nuscript.
10 Then atuorfet rheel atbieotnw eIegnn atIiIuDIas v iadn dt hLea tiinsss t idlils puted.
Seef,o etx ampFliee,Oy r,i nesC hristiNaonvuussp ,,3 2,w hoc oun]tgsn ataimuosn tgh e
SyriCaact hoplailcr iaarncdHh ,sT ;e ul'eI,It sN otR igh1t0C alOlu rselOvretsh odaonxd
theO lheHresr etiEccsu:m eniActatli tuin dtehseJ acobCihluer cihn t heT imeo ft hc
CrusadienEs o's,al n dW esitn f heC rusadSetra te1s1p,,p 1.2 -2w7h.o a rguaegsa inasnly
uniobne tweReonm een d thSey riOartch odopxa triaatrt chha! ti me,
11 CaheLna,S yrdiueN ordp,. 3 32P;. P ascTaelk eyCano,n trowrsesc hristo/agiqlles
enA rmeno-Cidalnisc {iaes econmdoei tdiueX /les iec(!1e/ 65·//(9R8o)m e1,9 39);
B.H amilt'oTnh,Ae n neniCahnu rcahn dt hPea pacaytt hTei mecsf t hCer usadEeasst'­,
em ChurchReesv ie1w0,( 1978p)p,,6 1-87C;.M utafi'aLna,G en�sdeu R oyaume
annendieeCn i licHAiSeK' a,r menolagiJsachhrebsu c7h,8, ( 1995-p6p)1,, 2 5-70.
97
Att bes amet imes,c holaargsr eteh anto n-LatCihnr istiraenmsa ined
ofi nferriaonr ka,n dw ereu sualsluyb jetcott heiowrn c ustomasnd l aws.
Normalltyh,e ywe ren ota llowetdot estiafgya inLsatl inIsn.a reaosf
mixepdo pulatainodne conomiacn dp oliticcooaple rattihoinfs,a cmtu st
bavem adei tseflefii tn a lals pecotfse very-dlaiyf eTlh2e.e xacqtu ality
andt hedi mensioofnr se latitohnesr efdoerse erfvUei thienrv estigtaot ion
whi ch tphrees eanctc ounwto uldl ikLeo e ontribute.
Althoufgohmr alloyn thes amel eevl,in formdailf ferenoccecsu rred
betweetnh eC hristdieanno minatiaocncso,r ditnotg h eirre spectrievlea ­
tiontsot heL atinasnd t hee hanging coawlhiiLciuhon nofsl deadf tetrh e
conquesRte.g iondailf ferenacnedsd iachrodneivee lopmemnutsst b e
assumeadl,t houcgohn cemitnhge S yriaOcr thodotxh ehya ven otb een
studiiendd etaiThle.c onditifoonrds o insgo a ren otp articulgaoroidy.
Duet ot hes heesrc arcoiftd ya taa, s malsle to fe ventasn ds oureeeosn ­
eemintgh eS yriaOcr thodoixn O utremehra veb eenf requentdliys ­
eussedaLn3d,e a rrtyh ehe avbyu rdeonf g eneraliiznitnegr parteitons.
Tbea imo ft hep reseanctc ountth,e refoirseo ,fJ imitsecdo peT.h e
foeuosn thep resenocfet heS yriaOer thodoixnL atimni edA ntioch
allowfosr s ystemattrieca tmaenndts harpetnhsee y ef orr egiondailf fer­
eneesS.o mea dditioonbasle rvatainodnd se taiplrses etnhte mselvTehse.
subjeaclts iom provoeusr s ourccer itiucnadle rstanodfit nhgem aterial
fort hem edievSaylr iaOcr thodCohxr isti agnense rianl .
L1 MacEvirtetc enlvloyi ceddo ublIsh atlh ivsi ewe verre presenItheer de aliulfy
theI welflh-ceknitnugrdyoo mf J erusalMeamc:E viuC,h ristiidaenm it(isese en. 6 ),
pp.1 43-5e0l,cH .i sm aing rounadrseI hatlh et hirteenth-acsesnitzauenrsdcy h artaerre�
anachronfiosrt iItcwh eel fctehn tuarnydt hatth eI heoroyfs eparatbieotnw een Laantdi ns
EasleCmh ristihaansib teye pnr oveadm ythb yt hee videnpcree senblyeR d. E llenblum.
FrankiRsuhr aSle ttlemiennt th eL atiKni nKdoomj J erusal(eCma mbrid1g9e9.8 ).
Them ateraibaolu tth eS yriOarct hodcooxm muniilnyt hep rincipoaflA inttyi oicsht oo
meagrteoc ontri1b0uI thei dse batfeo;tr h eki ngdoomfl erusaEllelme nbluimn'tse rpre­
tatioofnh isr esulhtassb eenc riticaissb eedi ntgo oo ptimibsty1i .cP ahlitzGsrcahe,c i
undS udaniim P alästdienrKa r euzjearhzreBieti:t räugnedQ uellenG ezsucrh icdhetse
griechisch-orPtahtordioaxrecnvh oantJ se msaleBme,r linHeirs torisSctuhdei e3n3,
(Berl2i0n0,1 p)p,. 2 09-13.
Ll Thee venrlesp eatccdolmym entoendare : Athanashieulsad g ainhsitsw illA nitni ­
ochb yB emarodf V alencceo.n secraotfti hoeCn h ureohf M örB a�awmö. prboytt ehset
GreeOkr thodionxA ntioacgha intshtep resenocfte h eS yriOarct hodox thanePdia rt ri­
arcMhi chaelle,t tbeyrM anueKlo mnenotsoM ichaenle,g otiatbieotnwse Aernm enians.
SyriOarct hodaonxdt hei mperial churerhe.p ealsetdao yfM ichaelA nitni ocrhe,s idenee
ofa p atriavricchaA rl,h anasrieussi.d eonf1c 9e natIIiIuD sa vidf.l igohfBt a r' Ebroyo to
Antioch. lTihswitis la ll sboe w orked thirnot uhgephr eseanctc ouFnlo.re arldiiesrc us­
sionosft hes ourcaensdc ommenlsSe em ainltyh er efereninc neoss 4.- 1J .S amed etails
andr ecent suggesbteid oinssc uwsbiselelldo w.
98
Thee videnwciel ble p resenptaerdt ilnys ystemaatnidcp anliyn
chronoloogridceasrlt, a rtwiintgrh e porotfst h ec onqueTshte.nf ollow
ther elatiboentsw eetnh ep atriaracnhds Antitahceho ,u tlionefts h e
administraantdie ovne ntuaslalmyea specotfst hel ifoef t heS yriac
Orthodox communities.
Conquest
All threger eaSty riaOcr thodcohxr onicplreess eanctc ounotfst he
FirsCtr usadaen do ft hec onquestA ntoifo chIln4h .e rs ourccer itical
assessmAennnte lleLsüed ersolb5s ervtehda fto r the chroniclers the
evenwtesr ef ar awbaoyti hn s pacaen dt imeW.h ilien accuriandt eet ail,
thec hronichloewresv,e rre,f lqeucitt per eciksneo wledogfet heo rigin,
andt ber outteh cer usadleorosfk r omE urop1e0t heN earE astv,i aC on­
stantinaonpdlA nea tolMiaap.h riGarne gorBayr ' Ebrö(yö1 226-is8 6)
eveinn fonnaebdo utth er econquienSs pta inTlh6e•y w erea lsaow aroef
thea mbivalreenlta tiboentsw etehnec rusadaenrdBs y zantium.
Thep rovenaonfct eh eriers pecstoiuvrec feosrt hesaec counilsns O l
knownA. chronolomgiisctaallmc aed eb yP atriarch M(i1c1h2a6el- 99)
wase xplaiansea dm istranslatoifoa n s entenocrei ginwarliluye inn
Annenia1n7 T.h e early coofnE qdueesssitasl inktedot heE desse-ne
Anneniaann dS yriaOcr thod-oxt radittihoanEt d essbae lieved in
Chribsetf oJreer usaleAmlllt8 h.ec hronicalreer sq usiutrtee h aitt was
Godw hog avteh ev ictotroty h Lea tinbsu,tt henw,h oe lsceo ulhda ve?
Thed ivicnaeu saldioteyns o t implyt heSt yhartic ahcr onichlaedar nsy
14 MichtaehSley riCahnro,n icpp.l e5,8 5(-ll8l1 ,8 2-A5n)o;ny mcih rollpircoofan d
annum1 234n,,p p54-.7 (upp,. 39-4B2a)'r;E bröCyhröa,l liscyorni acpupm2..6 3(-p6p .
234-6)B;a r 'EbHirsootryiöpa.,.3 68( p2.4 2t)h,ii ssl hAet abviecr soifot nhw eo rld
chronTihcelarere.se e vemroarmleo deemd ilwiiotnhsto ruatn slfaoetrxi aomnp,Tl äerf,�
mubtafaadr- duwaeld.A. . -S li!:taänIl -Ya(sBOediTr1 u9l2,5T )h.er elabteitowne tehne
Syriaanctd h Aer abviecr sciaonnnb oedt i scuhsesrefedo,r r e ferseenHec. eT se ul'eT,h e
CrusaidnBe arrsh ebrSayeruiasan'Acd r abSieccu lCahrr oniAc Dliefsf:e Arpepnrto ach',
in EaS! andW t's;t/1 t heC rusadSetra tIeps,,p 3.9 -49.
1$ LUdeUrrsl,t'( is1en e.8 ). pp. 22-n6o.dt i LsUctduhesaersc s c odouifndtt Ah neo ny­
moos.
16B ar 'EbröCyhrOo,n isycroni acupm.264, (p2.3 4).
17 Thes eveynea rdsu'r aotfiao s ni eogfeC onslamisnhoopubell esd e vmeonn ths.
LudeUrsr,t e(isl ene.8 )p,.I ,w hoq uotGe.Ts . -Glrs.k endDeirieKa rne,fu azhreru nd
ihrBee ziehunzgude t'nna rmeniscNhacehnb rfiairstebniz su mU ntergadnegrGe r asfchaft
Edessnaa,c ahr mt'niscQhueenl l(eWne iidT.a h .1,9 15p).2 ,1n ,.4 9.
I1 MichatehlSe y riCahnro,n ipcl.5e 8,(7 m p,. 1 84).
99
sharien t hei deoloogfyH olyW ar.a sL üderasl reapdoy intoeudt .
Instetahde,sy a wt hec rusades aosfv eancgtesa nMcues.l ipmr ovenance
ofp artosf t he repmoarktessi tseflefii tn a llIh reaec counMtisc,h ael
includtehdes toroyft hef indionfga na potropaic sbtraotnuwzehe,i cihs
rathaenre xottiacl feo ra na usteSryer iOarct hodporxe laltiekh ei rnb,u t
notf orth es ecullairt eraatnudrr eo manceh iostf i mel9.
Allt hec hronicalreera sw areth atth ec onqueosftA ntiacwha sa
longa nde xhaustpirnogc estsh;ec itfye lbly t reasaonnd t heL atins
themselsvuefsf ered tuhnesd iere gbey t hem ightAyt abeKge rbogha.
Bm fort heL atintsh,ec onqueosftA ntiocwha s aanw esorneex peri­
encew,h ichi nl atemre moryf onnetdh et uminpgo inotf t hee ntire
movementI.n2c 0o mparistohneS, y riarce poratrser elatisvheolryat n d
matter-of-fact.
Directcloyn nect1e0td h ec onqueosftA ntioicsht hes toroyft hed is­
coveroyft heH olyL ance2K1l.a us-PeTtoedrt hraesc enthliyg hlighted
GreekO rthodsooxu rcewsh,i cphr ovpeo ssessainodvn e neratoifoa nn
objeteatk efno rt heH olyL aneei nA ntiocahse arlays t het entche n­
tury2H2e. s uggesttehda t otbhjee mcitg hhta veb eenh iddefnr omt he
eyeos ft he Selcjounkqu erionrt sh ec athedirna1 l0 8a4n df ounadg ain
in1 098.
TheS yriac Orthodox cahrreno ontsi ucrloeef rt sh ee xacnta turoef
theo bjefcot unbdy t heL ahnsO.n lyi nt het hirteentrh-ycc hernotnuicle
ofV ardaann dY e§ü'e,o mmonlkyn owna st heA rmeniavne rsioofn
Michaelc'hsr onicdliedL, a tiinn fluelnecaev dei retcrta ceassi, t r elates
t� See R. Kha'wLaemSs,t alUaensi medeasn lse Msi lleelu neN uiISAll'l,w lEe.sS .C.,
30( 9175)p,p .1 08-4141.0I woulldi kteo t hanUk. M azolpfho rt hirse fereunncdeh is
commenoln theb ronzset aluFeosr.a commenoln thei nterpretoaftL iüodne rs.
Urte(isle ne.8 )p,. 2 2,se eD .W eltecDkie,e' Beschreidbeurn gZ ('ivtoenMn o'l M'i chael
dem Große(n1 126-11E9i9n)eS: t udizeu ihremh istorislcihnedhn i storiographie­
geschichtKloinctheexCntS ,C O5 94S.u bsid1i1a(0 L ouva2i0n0,3 p)..1 32n..2 6.
20 FOTs ources eoamnmde ntarsieeeC sa henL,a S yridcu N ordp,p 2.1 1-8$;.R unci­
man,' ThFei rst CruAsnatdieo:1c 0hA scaloinn'C ,r JlsadSeesu,o nI..p p.3 08-4H2;. E.
MayerG,e schicdhetrKe r euzzü(gSet uttBgearrltie,ßt ,c2 .0,0 0p)p.. 52J-.F4 r;a ne'eT.h e
Fall Aonft iocdhu rintgh eF irsCtr usadei'nD, e i gep.vut aF rancoEsm:d e.ls·l //re s
croisaddeedsi ücis J eaRni dwr-d CrusadSNe/ diienHs O l/oouf]r ( 'aRli/c haredd..M .
BalarBd.,Z K.e darJ,.R iley-Sm(iAlshh ga2t0e01,) p,p .1 3-20.
21 CahenL,a S yrideu N ordp,. 2 17M;a yerK,r euzzüpgpe5,.4 -(5s ene. 2 0)T.h ef ind­
ingo ft heH olyLa nceh asb eenw ide1y investigsaeteef do,re xamplWe. Giese',D ie
LaneeDao minvio nAn tiochia( 1908/99i)nF' ä,/ schunigmeM ni ttelaIlmteemra:r ionaler
Kongredße rM onumentGae rmaniHaies lork6av ,o lsv;,F ingieBrrtiee fFer,ö mmigkeit
undF älschuRnego,l ienjälscMlGwH.,n Sgcehnr,i f3t3e( nH anove1r9,8 8p)p,.4 85-505.
22 TodtA,n tiochpei.7a9 ,2 .
'(lU
moreo rl estsh eL ativne rsionD. Michaerle phoirtmthssae ttlh fen <lils
frornt heH olyC roswse ref aundf.r omw hicah crosasn da lancwee re
forrncd2B4a•r ' Ebröyföo llohwiss v ersionb2uStc, h angeidti nttah l!
crosicefrS rP eteirn h isA rabicch roniclWeh2i6l,et he nailtsh e< lnd
crosiweerr en o leosbsj ecctfsv enerattihoeno ,b jecptr esenbtyet dh l!
anonymocuhsr onic(lflet.rh irteceenntthu riysT) a thpeerc uliHaerr.et he
initviiasli ownh,j chl edt ot hed iscoveirsyr ,e Iatbeyd a n un-named
bisho(pM ichaiedle ntiTfainecdr eBda,r' Ebröyjöu smte ntion'eakd i ng
cf tFhrea nksT'h)e.b ishospa id':L ooki,na certahiind depnl acient hc
ChurcchfC assi(ain. Set.P eteirs)t heL ancew,h icwha st hruisntt a thc
sculptoufrC eh ristth,e atßheel ewsm adei nT iberi'a2Ns7e. v ertheless
thela nclee dt heL atinsv itcot ory.
Whatevetrh em otivatoifot nh eivra riosuosu rcetsh,ea ccountthse
threceh roniemlaedreso ft hem shnoowd iretcetn denicney i thweary o r
anyp articeumloatri onianlv olvemTehnetc .h ronicsliemrpsl rye corded
as besats t hekyn ew.C leartlhye saec counts deservcer istoiucraele
studbyu,tt heo utcomwei lflo stae dre epeurn derstanodfit nhgec hroni­
eieasn dt heaiurt horrast,h tehra onf t heS yriaOcr thodoixn habitoafn ts
Anrioethh:e riesn ow orda boutth efiirr asntd a mbivalceonntt awcilt h
thLea tinTsh.ep roblecmosn cernitnhge saec counwtislt lh erefboelr een
unsolvfeodtr h em omentI.n stewaed t,u rnt ot hem ost impoarstpaenctt
ofm edievAanlt iocihn tehyee so ft heS yriaOcr thodocxo mmunities.
The Pan'iaanrdAc nhtsi och
Concernitnhgep resencteh eSo yfr iac Orthodox tphaeht irsitaorrcyh ,
oft hep rincipoaflA inttyi ocahpp eaarts fisrisgtht tob ea storoyfs uc­
cessa,l beiwti tshe tbaciknts h ee arlpieerri oTdh.e firspta ltrwioa arcth s
thet imoef tchreu sadAetsh,a nasViIuIsa ndJ ohnX IIo,f terne sidiend
II MichatehSley riCahnr,o nicLlaen,g lpo.i2s 9,7F .o rt hhei stoofrt yh iclhir onic1e,
whicih5d esignaatsea dn A rmenitarna nsloaftM iiocnh aeclh'rso nibcy1V ea rdan
Arewe(ltc1 '2i7 a1n)dt hperi est-phYye§sÜi'co ifEa dne s(staa ft1e2r4 6b,e fO1T2e4 11),
buwth icmhu sbet considase rane ed wA rmenian chroniclase a trraatnhselra tIihoann:
sec A.S chmi'dDliz,ew eifacahrem eniRseczheen sdieorsn y riscChherno nMiikc haels
deGsr oßelLn 'Mu,s ion1,09 (199p6p)2.,9 9-31W9e;l tecMkuerM ,i chae(ls ene. 1 9),
pp. 55-7.
l( MichatehSleyri an,C hronicpl.5e 8, 7( IlIp.,1 84).
U Bar 'EbI'ÖYCöh,r onicsoynr iacpu.m2, 6 5( p2.3 5).
16 Bar 'EbröHyiös,/ orpi.3a 6, 8( p2.4 2).
11 Anonymcih ronipcroonfa da nnum1 23114,, p5.9 ( up,.4 3).
101
them onasteorfyD ova' Iri,nt her egioonfA ntiocIhfi. t h ad betehne ir
intenttiodo enm onstrtahteei r c1l0ta hiemc haiorfS tP elearl l1e0le :-;tab­
listhh emselivneA sn tiocthh,iw sa sn otw ithout daAntghearn.a sViIuIs
wasb rougihntt tob e capbiyft oarlc 1e0s tantdr iaagla inhsitsQ wn met­
ropolibteafno race o uncsiulm monebdy t heL atipna triaarncdhw ,a sp ut
under hause-TahreLr aetsiten.vs e nd aretdo t hreatheinrnw irhb eating.
He coulodn llye avteh ec itayg aiwni tthh eb elpo fa ni ntluenStuiria­l
anush,is f rientdh,ep hilosop'hAebrd u l-MasiJ:t2A11t.h anasinuesv er
cameb ack.
Tbep atriarrecihg nidnugr intgb es econhda loff t het welfctehn tury
was nmootl estbeydt heL atinDsu.r inhgi sv isiatf tehri sr eturnf rom
Jerusaltehme,ey v en made hdiornw nso intt h ct hronoefS tP eteirnt he
greacta tdhreala,st he Anonymous rMeipcohnase2rl'Je .p eatesdtlayy ed
ane ntiyreea ra,n dw,h ati sm oreh,e w asa ctiansgp atriahreco hr:d uincd
bishopWsh3y0d .i dt hLea tiansd mitth eh eado fa c hurcwhh,i ch hfaodr
centurbieeesnl egalcl1ya ssiafsih eedr ettiocs ,i td owno n StP eter's
thronIen?t hee cc1esiacshtriocnailbc ylB ea r' Ebr6ytöh iissi nterpreted.
nota sa na cto fc ordiableittwye eLna tinasn dS yrianbust,a sa demon­
stratihoons toifol nitt hyse i doef t heL atitnosw artdhseG reeOkr thodox
patriaarncdhh i sfl ock31•
Halafc entutrayt etrh,er elatihoandrs e achae yde td eepeirn tensity.
Durintgh er eigonfI gnatIiIuDIsa vi(d1 222-t5h2eS) y,r iaOcr thodox
patriaersctha blihsihmesde plefr manentltyh eci anp itfaolr,t he first
timesi nclea tAen tiqui1t9yn.a ti1u1s1D avidma det heL alinbse ndt o
hisw ills,a ysB ar' Ebröywöi,t hg readto natioannsd giftst,h ea nd
Latinisn, tucrno,n sentteohd i bsu yinagg ardeinnt hen orthepranro tf
thec itayn db uildian rge sidetnhceer Hee. especiamlelnyt iontewdo
2H MichtaheSely riCahnr,on icpl.60e 0, (11p.21 1,0 ); thei sde epsicsroiidngbe rec dul
detbayiC la heLnaS. y rideuN ordp, p3.3 8-a4n3ad,t hesre.ae;b ,o vneo t1e3 U. ntilnow
!hipesr shoans bneoeitnd entIiw faiuelIddi. kt eos uggtehsatht em ighhta vbee cInh l!
philoso'phAubsd ul-aMcatsiafl:!nsa, gt eacuhnetdrr ansfloaSrtt oerp hoafPn i sianA nti­
ochw,h oi sm entioinnMe Sd D resdLeann,d esbibBJfi.8o 7tf.,h 1 e-k7.h1 e,r f.e I Sv;
compaChr.eB ume'uA,n tias oacL hi nbke tweAerna bic unCdu llLiUantrt hciTc nw clfth
anTdh irtCeeennltuhir nOye 'T,i deemfP roche-O-riCeonntr acslcsi l'nliajiu(q (l,ll/'tIs·I S
desC roisadAecsr:ed su c ollodqeuL eo uvain-e/uav-e2N,4e t2 5M ars1 997c.d I..D mc­
lantAs.,T ihoBn.V, a nd eAnb ee(lTeu mho2u0t0,0p )p..1 -7h8e,r pe.1 2a nnd. 4 2.
19 Anonymcih ronitcoeldal.d a mlum1 2341I,, p .3 07( 11p,.2 30)Ba;r 'Ebroyo.
Chronictoend. a,c c.,5 4(5pp .5. 4 6M)i.c haeolw'nrs e poirslt o st.B .H Sacmei ltol\.
ThrePea triaatrA enhtsi o1c1h6,5 -1i1nD7e 0ig' e,s la Fprearn co(ss ene.2 0p)p .1 99-
207h.e rpep2 .0 3-4.
30 Bar 'EbroCyhröo,n icfoend o.c,.•e p .5 4(5p 5.4 6).
31 Ibidp..5, 4 (5p 5.4 6).
102
'wonderhfiuglh cupoltahsen' e wos fi teT3h2e.r esidewnacsep roba­
blyv isibolnte h es kylionfAe n tioacnhd t hawta si tpsU l-pose, perhaps
theo nlyo ne:c learelvye nI gnatiIuIDsIa vida voidetdh ed angeorf
comintgo oe losteo t heL atinHse. u sualsltya yeidnA rmenian terri­
torrya thtehra inn A ntiochL3a3t•et rh,ea ginpga triairssc ahi tdo h ave
becomree stIeTshser. e asowna st hahte h ad never amhaodrneef or
hirnselafsB, a r' Ebroryeop afTthsi.se xplanation muccohmt eots h e
surpriosfte h er eadewrh,o wouldh avec onsidetrheedn ewlyb uilt
residetnocb ee j ustth atB.u tI gnatiluosng efdo rt hec ountorfyh is
youtha,n dw antetdot ravteolt heM onasteorfyM orB ar�awmiönt he
regioofnM elitetnode i e.A3s4a r epresentlaatnidvrnea trhker esidence
inA ntiowcahs m ainlays ymboflo rt hec laiomf tchheu rcthou nvie r­
saliatnydo rthodoaxnydf, o rt hel egitimoafct yh ep atriaArncoht.h er
wasI gnaticuhso'i coefa patriarncahmaela: f tePra tria1r9cnha tiIlu s
(878-8h3e)w aso nltyh es econpda triawrhcohe ,x plicsittoloyd t hien
traditoifSo tnI gnat(itu1 s0 7)w,h icha lsloi nkehdi rnt ot hea ncient
histoorfty h ec hurcohfA ntiocahn du nderlihniesrd e neweedl aitmo
thea postosleiec.
Meanwhilteh,el egitimoafct yh eS yriaOcr thodopxa triahracdh
becomlei nkteodt hec itoyfA ntioicnhy eta nothweary :a newe lement
hadb eena ddetdo t her ituoaftl h ee lectoifot nh ep atriaBryct hh.e year
1252i,th adb ecomaec usto(m, yöfgoort)h en ewleyl ectceadn didtaot e
bee nthronoendt hes eaotf S tP etera3fSt,ec re nturdiuersi nwgh icah
solemenn thronemaennytw hetroege,t hweirt ht hea cclamatoifot nh e
clergayn dt he peohpaldes ,u fficedA3f6t.et rh ed eatohf I gnatius III
Davidt,h erwee ret wor iYcaoln testtaotn htest hronOen.ec amet oA nti­
och, and whatil leea tshrtei t eoda voiadL atihne ld couinnAc nitli och,
whicwho uladn alytshee ciorn flictcilnagi mhse,a pparenctoluyln do td o
J2 Ibidp..6, 6 7( p6. 68B)a.r 'Ebrmöeynöt iosnesv ervails ibtysr gnal1iu1Ds1a vid,
seei bidp..6, 5 3( p6. 54p).,6 65(p .6 66F)o.re heb uildionft gh er esidesneceie b id.,
pp.6 67-(7p3p6 .6 8-7S4e)ea. l saob ovneO l1e3 .
33 Forh iist inersaereBy a r' EbfÖYChÖr,o niceocnc lO.C,C. p,p .6 45-(9p3p6 .4 6·94).
rgnatbiuuisal cth urcihnH romqliab:i dp..6, 6 7( p6.6 8H)e. w asb urieindt he' Iarge
churocfht hAer menia,nisb'ip d.6. ,9 3(p 6.9 4C)o.n cemitnhgea c tivialt hiiecsso uratn d
thaotft heA rmenicaant holwihceorsVe,a rdaAnr ewelacn'dit hepr iest-phYyds:iÜc'i an
alswor otteh eAirrm enivae.rsni onosf M ichaelc'hsr oniacrlt eh atti mes.e eS chmidt,
'ZweifaRcehzee nsi(osnen'e .2 3)p,p.3 03-6.
34 Bar' EbroyCöh,r oniceocnc loc.e,.p ,p 6. 71-(7p5p6 .7 2-6).
3j Bar' EbröyChör,o niceocnc lac.e,.p ,.7 11( p7.12).
36 KaweraRue,n iassan(cseen e.7 )p,.1 7S;e ihK,i rchenr(escenhe.t7 ),p1p12., 1 3-7.
whod on odti scuthsesp resecnats e.
103
withotuhteL arihne lcda threadlT.h eS yriaOcr thododxi d nol thhaev e
means1 0f ighotn t hel evealtw hicch ontestpaonptea sn dt hesiurp oprt­
erpsr omottehde ciars eisnE uropbeu,rJ ohnX JIb arM a'dan(T1 253-63)
dida sb esats h ec oulbdy w ritiann ga pologanyd u sing monesyl aann­d
derI.tw aso nly then' tthLheaa tti nasg ree1d0 h ise nteritnhge igrr eat
churcAhn.d h es adto wno nt het hrone as wcauss totmh'e3 7.
Whath adb eenan individaunadhl i ghlpyr estigaicoliu sn1 16h8a d
nowb ecomae humiliatboinndgb yw hi cht heS yriaOcr thodocxa ndi­
date wtaise1 d0t heg oodw ilolft heL alinisnA ntiocWhh.a tc ausetdh is
dramatdiecv elopmeAnttf ?i rPsta,t riaMricchh aheald i,n f acbte,e inn a
bettpeors ititohna tnh eL alipna triaAricmhe, ryh,i sc ontemporcaorly­
leaguoen tLhaet icnh airH3i8sp• o sitiwoanss afeirfa, l scoo ntesrheids,
travellingw-arsal dairugases wathse e xteonfth isa reoaf j urisdiction.
Prom1 180ho,w evetrh,ec entraadlm inistrlaotsiatso unb stanptairoatlf
itpso wer,
Conocmitanttot hen ew poliliccoanls telJautnifoonlsd iinngt he
MiddlEea stf rom1 100t,h eS yriaOcr thodocxo mmunitiienOs u t­
remerC,i licainadt hosfeu rtheears gtr aduadlrliyf taepda rfto:re xam­
piea,f tetrh ea nti-PacthrT iheaordorbea rW ahbunw ase lectien1d 1 80,
thed iocesoefJs e rusalaenmdl attehre d ioceosfeC ilicwiear el ostto
PatriaMricchh aelS.i3n9ct eh et uronf t het hirteceenntthu rtyhe,S yriac
Orthodboixs howpesr el esasn d laebslste o f inadc onsensaunsdt ob e
loyatlot hes amep atriarIcnht 40h•ic so mplaitcesdi tuatAinotni ocwha s
cruaci1W. hilea formaslu bordinautnidoentr h er uloef t heR oman
churcnhe vetro opk lacaep ,r actiscuablo rdinautnidoetnrh er ule of the
l1 Bar 'EbCrlolyroo,ni eccodn.O C,C .,p .7 11( p7.1 2).
J3 OnA imersye Hea miltLaorni,Cnh ucrlpl,p 3. 8-5e1t,cR ..H; i esta'nDdel,ra teini­
schKel erduesr K reuzfahre"r isntD iaeaK treenu zfahrerslaaüa mluelnt ikulturelle
Gesellfstc:Eh ianwandeurnedMr i nderheiimt/ e2nl. i n1d3 J.a hrhundeedrH.t. ,E M.a yer
(Muni1e9h9,7 p)p4,.3 -6i8d;e m, c'eUnntir net elleencS tyurdeiu1eN ordN?o:t essul ra
personnda'lAiitmeed r'yA ntioAclhbeed,reT t a rseelR orgFor etelLi.>l Muosy'e,nA ge,
10(01 99p4p)7.,- 36.
39 MichatehSley riCahnr,o nicpl.7e 2,2( mp,p 3. 83-A8n)o;n ymcih ronieccodna. d
annu1m2 34.p1.31 2,7 (1 p1.2, 44B)a;r' Ebr5Cyhor,o nicsoylrli acpupm5.,8 3(-p9p5 .8 4-
90)s;e ae lso stohuer ctersa,n slaantidco onmsm entparroyv ibdyeH d. K autbo'lZdu,r
syriscKhiernc hengesdcehs1i 2cJ.ha ther hundNeeruteQs u:e llüebne Trh eodobraors
WahbQn0',,.e h.r .7,0( 196p8p).1, 1 5-a5n1dJ; . G erbeZrwe,iB rjfee Ba.na.. l zbu-ns
Nebsetj neBre ilagDea:sS chisdmeasP aufuvso nB eth-Ukk(aHmee idel1b9e11r)g.,
4(1 KawerRaeun,a jssa(nscenee .7 )p,. 1 23W,. Hagse.v, .' JakobiKtiirscchhieen' ,
TheologiRsecahlneez yklopäXdVi!(e 1, 98p7p)4.,7 4-8t5ht;er ousbtlaer wtie!tdhh eel ec­
lioonft wor ivsaulc ce.ssoofMr isc hatehlGe r eaBla,r' EbröCylöt,r onieccocnlo .c,e .,
p.6 05f f( p6.0 6f f.l.
104
LatinisnA ntioch wapsr itcthehe e t hirthe-ecnetntpuartyr iarpcahisd
fort heiurs eo fA ntioachsa symboolf l egitimraecpyr,e sentaantdi on
integraotfit ohne iorwn c hurch.
Administ0r/da itoicoenis n(e hspe r incipality
How exacttlhyed ioceosfeA ntiocahn dt hec ommunitiinet sh ep rin­
cipalwietryeg ovemeudn detrh escei rcumstainsca neo sp enq uestion.
Who,f ore xample, ortdhaeiS nyerdi aOcr thodopxr iesotfAs n tioch?
Thiso ffice oifcs o,u rsvei,t taolt hee xisteonfca en yc ommunitOyb.v i­
ousltyh,e d ioceaslew aybse longteodt hep atriabructhh ,ew asa bsent.
He usualvliys itLheed m onasteroirre ess idiendt he' specdiiaolc efsoer
thep atriarscehea('l m ar'd'iilloon öly-tköu rds-ypoa {ryaWrhki6c)h 4I,
diocehsee wouclhdo osaen dw hen awnhdy h ew oulcdh angdee serves
furthsetru dIytm. i ghbte s aitdh ahte a pparenmtalnya getdh idsi ocese in
persoann di trse venues hmauvsebt e ena th isd isposal42.
Wast hereev esro methilnigka e b indianrgr angemfeontrth ea ffairs of
thed ioceosfeA ntiocOhr?m ustw e assumteh abti shoopfsn eighbour­
ings eemsi ghhta vev isitAendt iocthom anagei t?N o suchc asei s
knownfr orn thes oureeEsI.s ewheirtie s,t ruew.e heaorf o fficesi nt he
communitsyu,c ha ss tewaradn4d3tr easurewrh«o,m anageidt asff airs,
theb uildianngdts h em oneyI.n sofaac ro mmunictoyu ltdo,s amee xtent,
bel efttog ovem itWseerleft .h em emberasl saob lteo m ediaitnec on­
nictasn dt op rovifdoert hei nstructionp eoopfl aent dht eh en ewg ener­
atioonfc leriAcnsd?w how oulsde et at he remajiunriinsgdt uitci aensd
assumteh er esponsibility?
Samer emarekxst ainntt hec hronicilnedse epdr ovsea mem oref onnal
arrangemeInntfso.n natiobne g caain[] ebdy s tudyicnags eisn w hicah
specidfiiocc ecsoeu lndo tf,o cre rtariena sonbesm ,a nagebdy t hep relate
in office. arTehs earmeeb ints thaitn such casewse rveii ncsatrasl led.
PatriarMcihc haeflo,re xample, entrnuesptheedww i htithsh ed ioceosfe
Mardint:h em emberso ft hec ommunity of cMoamrpdliani tnheadtt h ey
41 MichatehSley riCahnr,on icp1.60e 1, (11p1.,2 12).
41 Anonymcih roniceocnc la.d Qnnum 1234D,, p p.3 30-(211 p,p .24 6-8)B;a r
'EbfÖYöC,h roniceocnc loc.c,. p,. 54 3 (p54.4 )D.if ferentS:e lKbi,r chenr(escheß.te 7 ),
n,p p.2 16-'7N:u ra usnahmswediürftsee einmaeli Pna triarcfhr eiilniA cnhs pruch
genommehna bena,ns einerme alSeni tz.a ucbhi schöfRlecihctaehu es zu.ü.'b. .e n
4)In Edesssae,Ae n onymi chroenciccalod.na nnum1 234n,,p .3 08( Up,p 2.3 0-1).
44 In Alepspeoie,bid .,p p9.2 -(3np ,p 6.9 -70).