The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy

433 Pages·2008·1.75 MB·English

by  Earl Pollock

The Supreme Court and
American Democracy
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T S C
HE UPREME OURT AND
A D
MERICAN EMOCRACY
C S J R
ASE TUDIES ON UDICIAL EVIEW AND
P P
UBLIC OLICY
Earl E. Pollock
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport,Connecticut • London
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Pollock,EarlE.
TheSupremeCourtandAmericandemocracy:casestudiesonjudicialreviewandpublicpolicy/
EarlE.Pollock.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978–0–313–36525–6(alk.paper)
1.Judicialreview—UnitedStates—History.2.Civilrights—UnitedStates—History.I.Title.
KF4575.P598 2009
347.73’12—dc22 2008034766
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationDataisavailable.
Copyright©2009byEarlE.Pollock
Allrightsreserved.Noportionofthisbookmaybe
reproduced,byanyprocessortechnique,withoutthe
expresswrittenconsentofthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:2008034766
ISBN:978–0–313–36525–6
Firstpublishedin2009
GreenwoodPress,88PostRoadWest,Westport,CT06881
AnimprintofGreenwoodPublishingGroup,Inc.
www.greenwood.com
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Thepaperusedinthisbookcomplieswiththe
PermanentPaperStandardissuedbytheNational
InformationStandardsOrganization(Z39.48-1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xi
1. TheConstitutionandtheSupremeCourt 1
TheMakingoftheConstitution 1
TheEarlyYearsoftheSupremeCourt 3
TheWorkoftheSupremeCourt 4
ConstitutionalInterpretation 6
2. FromMarburytoReconstruction 9
Marburyv.Madison,5U.S.137(1803) 9
JudicialReviewandJudicialSupremacy 12
TheSlaveryLegacy 16
Scottv.Sandford,60U.S.393(1857) 20
TheReconstructionAmendments 24
TheAmendmentProcessandStareDecisis 26
3. RaceDiscriminationbyGovernment 29
WhatIs“Race”? 29
OverviewoftheEqualProtectionClause 34
Plessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537(1896) 36
Korematsuv.UnitedStates,323U.S.214(1944) 39
TheAftermathoftheKorematsuCase 45
Confronting“SeparatebutEqual” 46
vi Contents
Brownv.BoardofEducation,347U.S.483(1954) 48
RacialSegregationCasesafterBrown 52
Cooperv.Aaron,358U.S.1(1958) 53
TheDiscriminatoryPurposeRequirement 55
4. RaceDiscriminationbyPrivatePersons 59
TheFourteenthAmendment“StateAction”Requirement 59
Shelleyv.Kraemer,334U.S.1(1948) 60
ApplicationoftheShelleyDoctrine 62
TheCivilRightsActof1875 64
CivilRightsCases,109U.S.3(1883) 65
FederalStatutesRegulatingPrivateDiscrimination 69
HeartofAtlantaMotel,Inc.v.UnitedStates,379U.S.241(1964) 70
Katzenbachv.McClung,379U.S.294(1964) 73
ApplyingtheCommerceClausetoLocalConduct 75
5. MinorityPreferences 77
Defining“AffirmativeAction” 77
RegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniav.Bakke,438U.S.265(1978) 78
RacialPreferencesinEmployment 84
RacialPreferencesinPublicContracts 86
AdarandConstructors,Inc.v.Pena,515U.S.200(1995) 87
TheAftermathoftheAdarandDecision 91
RacialPreferencesinCollegeAdmissions 92
TheUniversityofMichiganAffirmativeActionCases 95
Grutterv.Bollinger,539U.S.306(2003) 96
RacialBalancingwithinaPublicSchoolSystem 102
ParentsInvolvedinCommunitySchoolsv.SeattleSchoolDistrict 103
No.1,___U.S.___,127S.Ct.2738(2007)
SeekingOtherRemediesforRacialImbalance 116
6. DueProcessofLaw 119
ProceduralDueProcess 119
SubstantiveDueProcess 119
“Incorporation”ofRightsinDueProcess 121
Contents vii
7. Abortionandthe“RightofPrivacy” 123
EmergenceofaNewDoctrine 123
Griswoldv.Connecticut,381U.S.479(1965) 123
FromContraceptivestoAbortion 127
Roev.Wade,410U.S.113(1973) 129
ReactiontotheDecision 135
AbortionDecisionsbetweenRoeandCasey 136
PlannedParenthoodofSoutheasternPennsylvaniav.Casey, 137
505U.S.833(1992)
TheTurnaboutinCasey 144
“PartialBirth”Abortion 145
Gonzalesv.Carhart,___U.S.___,127S.Ct.1610(2007) 146
TheNinthandTenthAmendments 151
8. TerminalIllnessIssues 153
TheRighttoRefuseTreatment 153
TheSchiavoCase 154
Physician-AssistedSuicideandthe“RighttoDie” 156
Washingtonv.Glucksberg,521U.S.707(1997) 156
9. GayRights 163
TheLegalStatusofHomosexuality 163
Bowersv.Hardwick,478U.S.186(1986) 164
Romerv.Evans,517U.S.620(1996) 167
Lawrencev.Texas,539U.S.558(2003) 173
10. FreedomofSpeech 181
ThePrimacyofFreedomofSpeech 181
FreedomofSpeechOverview 182
SymbolicSpeech 184
Brandenburgv.Ohio,395U.S.444(1969) 185
UnitedStatesv.O’Brien,391U.S.367(1968) 189
Texasv.Johnson,491U.S.397(1989) 191
R.A.V.v.St.Paul,505U.S.377(1992) 194
Virginiav.Black,538U.S.343(2003) 199
Cohenv.California,403U.S.15(1971) 202
viii Contents
OffensiveSpeechundertheFirstAmendment 204
Wisconsinv.Mitchell,508U.S.476(1993) 208
FederalHateCrimeLaws 210
FreedomofExpressiveAssociation 210
BoyScoutsofAmericav.Dale,530U.S.640(2000) 211
TheAftermathoftheBoyScoutsDecision 214
CampaignRegulationandtheFirstAmendment 215
11. FreedomofthePress 219
TheNewsMediaandtheFirstAmendment 219
Nearv.Minnesota,283U.S.697(1931) 220
NewYorkTimesCo.v.UnitedStates,403U.S.713(1971) 222
ThePriorRestraintDoctrine 223
12. TheEstablishmentofReligionClause 225
TheRelationshipbetweentheTwoReligionClauses 225
Eversonv.BoardofEducation,330U.S.1(1947) 226
EarlyConceptionsoftheEstablishmentofReligion 228
GovernmentAidtoReligiousSchools 230
Mitchellv.Helms,530U.S.793(2000) 230
Zelmanv.Simmons-Harris,530U.S.640(2002) 234
PrayerinPublicSchools 239
Leev.Weisman,505U.S.577(1992) 240
SantaFeIndependentSchoolDistrictv.Doe,530U.S.290(2000) 246
Adding“UnderGod”tothePledgeofAllegiance 248
ReligiousSymbolsonPublicProperty 249
Walzv.TaxComm’nofCityofNewYork,397U.S.664(1970) 252
TexasMonthly,Inc.v.Bullock,489U.S.1(1989) 256
13. TheFreeExerciseClause 261
CompelledExemptions 261
EmploymentDivision,DepartmentofHumanResourcesof 262
Oregonv.Smith,494U.S.872(1990)
CityofBoernev.Flores,521U.S.507(1997) 266
TheAftermathoftheCityofBoerneDecision 269
Contents ix
Lockev.Davey,540U.S.712(2004) 270
Cantwellv.StateofConnecticut,310U.S.296(1940) 272
14. ExecutivePowers 277
TheRiseofthe“ImperialPresidency” 277
AuthorizingActsofWar 279
AuthorizationforUseofMilitaryForce 281
(JointCongressionalResolution,September14,2001)
IraqMilitaryForceResolution 281
(JointCongressionalResolution,October10,2002)
UnitedStatesv.Curtiss-WrightExportCorporation,299U.S.304(1936) 282
MonitoringForeignCommunications 284
YoungstownSheet&TubeCo.v.Sawyer,343U.S.579(1952) 285
TheDetentionofEnemyCombatants 291
Boumedienev.Bush,___U.S.___,128S.Ct.2229(2008) 294
ProsecutingEnemyCombatantsforWarCrimes 308
15. VotingandElections 311
DiscriminationinVoting 311
TheFederalVotingRightsAct 313
Overcomingthe“PoliticalQuestion”Barrier 314
Reynoldsv.Sims,377U.S.533(1964) 315
“OnePerson,OneVote”Issues 320
DrawingBlack-MajorityDistricts 320
Shawv.Reno,509U.S.630(1993) 321
TheAftermathofShawv.Reno 325
Viethv.Jubelirer,541U.S.267(2004) 327
SeekingaTestforPoliticalGerrymanders 330
TheStatutoryContextofBushv.Gore 331
Bushv.Gore,531U.S.98(2000) 332
16. CruelandUnusualPunishment 339
TheDeathPenaltyReconsidered 339
Furmanv.Georgia,408U.S.238(1972) 340
TheAftermathoftheFurmanDecision 340
Atkinsv.Virginia,536U.S.304(2002) 343
TheAftermathofthePenryandAtkinsCases 347