The Sage encyclopedia of social science research methods

1396 Pages·2004·10.074 MB·English

by  Alan Bryman, Tim Liao, Michael Lewis-Beck

GENERAL EDITORS
MichaelS.Lewis-Beck
AlanBryman
TimFutingLiao
EDITORIAL BOARD
LeonaS.Aiken
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe
R.MichaelAlvarez
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena
NathanielBeck
UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andNewYorkUniversity
NormanBlaikie
FormerlyattheUniversityofScience,
MalaysiaandtheRMITUniversity,Australia
LindaB.Bourque
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles
MarilynnB.Brewer
OhioStateUniversity,Columbus
DerekEdwards
LoughboroughUniversity,UnitedKingdom
FloydJ.Fowler,Jr.
UniversityofMassachusetts,Boston
MartynHammersley
TheOpenUniversity,UnitedKingdom
GuillerminaJasso
NewYorkUniversity
DavidW.Kaplan
UniversityofDelaware,Newark
MaryMaynard
UniversityofYork,UnitedKingdom
JaniceM.Morse
UniversityofAlberta,Canada
MartinPaldam
UniversityofAarhus,Denmark
MichaelQuinnPatton
TheUnionInstitute&University,
Utilization-FocusedEvaluation,Minnesota
KenPlummer
UniversityofEssex,UnitedKingdom
CharlesTilly
ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork
JeroenK.Vermunt
TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands
KazuoYamaguchi
UniversityofChicago,Illinois

Copyright © 2004 by SAGEPublications,Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lewis-Beck,Michael S.
The SAGEencyclopedia of social science research methods/Michael S.
Lewis-Beck,Alan Bryman,Tim Futing Liao.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–7619–2363–2 (cloth)
1. Social sciences—Research—Encyclopedias. 2. Social sciences—Methodology—Encyclopedias.
I. Bryman,Alan. II. Liao,Tim Futing. III. Title.
H62.L456 2004
300.!72—dc22
2003015882
03 04 05 06 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Acquisitions Editor: Chris Rojek
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke
Developmental Editor: Eileen Haddox
Editorial Assistant: Sara Tauber
Production Editor: Melanie Birdsall
Copy Editors: Gillian Dickens,Liann Lech,A. J. Sobczak
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Mattson Publishing Services,LLC
Indexer: Sheila Bodell
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
Contents
ListofEntries,vii
Reader’sGuide,xix
Contributors,xxv
AbouttheEditors,xli
Preface,xliii
Introduction,xlv
Entries
VOLUME I:
A–F
1–412
VOLUME II:
G–P
413–886
VOLUME III:
Q–Z
887–1208
Appendix:Bibliography,1209
Index,1267

List of Entries
Abduction Autocorrelation.SeeSerialCorrelation
Access Autoethnography
Accounts Autoregression.SeeSerialCorrelation
ActionResearch Average
ActiveInterview
AdjustedR-Squared.SeeGoodness-of-Fit BarGraph
Measures;MultipleCorrelation;R-Squared Baseline
Adjustment BasicResearch
Aggregation BayesFactor
AIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures Bayes’Theorem,Bayes’Rule
Algorithm BayesianInference
Alpha,SignificanceLevelofaTest BayesianSimulation.SeeMarkovChain
AlternativeHypothesis MonteCarloMethods
AMOS(AnalysisofMomentStructures) BehaviorCoding
AnalysisofCovariance(ANCOVA) BehavioralSciences
AnalysisofVariance(ANOVA) Behaviorism
AnalyticInduction Bell-ShapedCurve
Anonymity Bernoulli
AppliedQualitativeResearch BestLinearUnbiasedEstimator
AppliedResearch Beta
ArchivalResearch Between-GroupDifferences
ArchivingQualitativeData Between-GroupSumofSquares
ARIMA Bias
Arrow’sImpossibilityTheorem BIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures
ArtifactsinResearchProcess Bimodal
ArtificialIntelligence Binary
ArtificialNeuralNetwork.SeeNeuralNetwork BinomialDistribution
Association BinomialTest
AssociationModel BiographicNarrativeInterpretiveMethod(BNIM)
Assumptions BiographicalMethod.SeeLifeHistoryMethod
AsymmetricMeasures Biplots
AsymptoticProperties BipolarScale
ATLAS.ti BiserialCorrelation
Attenuation BivariateAnalysis
AttitudeMeasurement BivariateRegression.SeeSimple
Attribute Correlation(Regression)
Attrition BlockDesign
Auditing BLUE.SeeBestLinearUnbiasedEstimator
AuthenticityCriteria BMDP
Autobiography BonferroniTechnique
vii
viii THESAGEENCYCLOPEDIAOFSOCIALSCIENCERESEARCHMETHODS
Bootstrapping ClusterSampling
BoundedRationality Cochran’sQTest
Box-and-WhiskerPlot.SeeBoxplot Code.SeeCoding
Box-JenkinsModeling Codebook.SeeCodingFrame
Boxplot Coding
CodingFrame
CAIC.SeeGoodness-of-FitMeasures CodingQualitativeData
CanonicalCorrelationAnalysis Coefficient
CAPI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection CoefficientofDetermination
Capture-Recapture CognitiveAnthropology
CAQDAS(Computer-AssistedQualitative CohortAnalysis
DataAnalysisSoftware) Cointegration
CarryoverEffects Collinearity.SeeMulticollinearity
CART(ClassificationandRegressionTrees) ColumnAssociation.SeeAssociationModel
CartesianCoordinates CommonalityAnalysis
Case Communality
CaseControlStudy ComparativeMethod
CaseStudy ComparativeResearch
CASI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection ComparisonGroup
CatastropheTheory CompetingRisks
Categorical ComplexDataSets
CategoricalDataAnalysis ComponentialAnalysis
CATI.SeeComputer-AssistedDataCollection ComputerSimulation
CausalMechanisms Computer-AssistedDataCollection
CausalModeling Computer-AssistedPersonalInterviewing
Causality Concept.SeeConceptualization,
CCA.SeeCanonicalCorrelationAnalysis Operationalization,andMeasurement
CeilingEffect Conceptualization,Operationalization,
Cell andMeasurement
CensoredData ConditionalLikelihoodRatioTest
CensoringandTruncation ConditionalLogitModel
Census ConditionalMaximumLikelihoodEstimation
CensusAdjustment ConfidenceInterval
CentralLimitTheorem Confidentiality
CentralTendency.SeeMeasures ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis
ofCentralTendency Confounding
CentroidMethod ConsequentialValidity
CeterisParibus Consistency.SeeParameterEstimation
CHAID Constant
ChangeScores ConstantComparison
ChaosTheory Construct
Chi-SquareDistribution ConstructValidity
Chi-SquareTest Constructionism,Social
ChowTest Constructivism
ClassicalInference ContentAnalysis
ClassificationTrees.SeeCART ContextEffects.SeeOrderEffects
ClinicalResearch ContextualEffects
ClosedQuestion.SeeClosed-EndedQuestions ContingencyCoefficient.SeeSymmetricMeasures
Closed-EndedQuestions ContingencyTable
ClusterAnalysis ContingentEffects
ListofEntries ix
ContinuousVariable DemocraticResearchandEvaluation
ContrastCoding DemographicMethods
Control DependentInterviewing
ControlGroup DependentObservations
ConvenienceSample DependentVariable
ConversationAnalysis DependentVariable(inExperimentalResearch)
Correlation DependentVariable(inNonexperimentalResearch)
CorrespondenceAnalysis DescriptiveStatistics.SeeUnivariateAnalysis
Counterbalancing DesignEffects
Counterfactual Determinant
Covariance Determination,Coefficientof.SeeR-Squared
CovarianceStructure Determinism
Covariate DeterministicModel
CoverStory Detrending
CovertResearch DeviantCaseAnalysis
Crame´r’sV.SeeSymmetricMeasures Deviation
CreativeAnalyticalPractice(CAP)Ethnography Diachronic
Cressie-ReadStatistic Diary
CriterionRelatedValidity DichotomousVariables
CriticalDiscourseAnalysis DifferenceofMeans
CriticalEthnography DifferenceofProportions
CriticalHermeneutics DifferenceScores
CriticalIncidentTechnique Dimension
CriticalPragmatism Disaggregation
CriticalRaceTheory DiscourseAnalysis
CriticalRealism Discrete
CriticalTheory DiscriminantAnalysis
CriticalValues DiscriminantValidity
Cronbach’sAlpha Disordinality
Cross-CulturalResearch Dispersion
Cross-Lagged Dissimilarity
Cross-SectionalData Distribution
Cross-SectionalDesign Distribution-FreeStatistics
Cross-Tabulation DisturbanceTerm
CumulativeFrequencyPolygon DocumentsofLife
Curvilinearity Documents,Typesof
Double-BlindProcedure
DangerinResearch DualScaling
Data DummyVariable
DataArchives DurationAnalysis.SeeEventHistoryAnalysis
DataManagement Durbin-WatsonStatistic
Debriefing DyadicAnalysis
Deception DynamicModeling.SeeSimulation
DecileRange
Deconstructionism EcologicalFallacy
Deduction EcologicalValidity
DegreesofFreedom Econometrics
Deletion EffectSize
DelphiTechnique EffectsCoding
DemandCharacteristics EffectsCoefficient