The refugees crisis in the European Union: between the fundamental human rights and the efforts towards securitization

226 Pages·2016·1.17 MB·english

by  Mihai Alexandrescu (ed.)

The Refugee Crisis
in the European Union

The Refugee Crisis
in the European Union
Between the Fundamental Human Rights
and the Efforts Towards Securitization
Edited by
MIHAI ALEXANDRESCU
Copyright © CA Publishing, 2016, For this edition.
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication
may be made without written permission.
CA Publishing Series ”Leadership and Communication in the Current
World” edited by Mihai Alexandrescu and Claudiu Marian, Department of
International Studies and Contemporary History, Babes-Bolyai University,
Cluj-Napoca (Romania)
Proofreading by: Ioana Ștefănuț
Text and cover design by: Mihai-Vlad Guță
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României
Alexandrescu, Mihai
    The refugee crisis in the European Union : between the fundamental
human rights and the efforts towards securitization / Mihai Alexandrescu. -
Cluj-Napoca : CA Publishing, 2016
    Conţine bibliografie
     ISBN 978-606-8330-50-1
341.43
First published 2016 by CA Publishing
Cluj-Napoca, B-dul Eroilor 34/3
Phone: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
website: www.ca-publishing.ro
4
Preface
or the past few years the Mediterranean Sea has become a grave-
Fyard for the people coming from the Middle East and North Africa
to Europe, in search of a better life or simply life. But on many
other occasions the waves of the Sea have hidden the dreams of the Others.
At the edge of the Old Continent there is a gap between Us and Them.
Unfortunately, the ‘clash of civilizations’, as described by Huntington,
reveals also a clash between societal security and fundamental human rights.
The meaning of each of these terms is different and right at the same time.
This book is based on a debate initiated with my students from the MA
Program ‘Leadership and Communication in International Organisations’
at the Department of International Studies and Contemporary History
(Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of History and Philosophy). But I have
also chosen two contributors who are in a position to share their important
knowledge in the field of this topic. They were more than willing to engage
with our debate and to bring forward their own distinctive and refreshing
perspectives. Sergiu-Constantin Dur wrote a very interesting analysis of
the Syrian conflict which provides an extraordinary support in our debates.
Paul Popa brought a detailed and very helpful introduction in the complex
field of international refugee law. This book is certainly richer due to their
contributions. Many thanks especially to Priscilla Oltean for her initiative
to develop the analysis on the theoretical ground created by the securitiza-
tion theory.
I would like to include a special note of thanks to Ioana Ștefănuț for proof-
reading the whole book and for her observations and comments which
have helped us finish our arguments. But also to Pállukács Hajnal and
Horia Furcovici for their invaluable help.
Finally, I would like to show my gratitude to CA Publishing House for its
support in publishing this book and for the initiative to open up the series
on ‘Leadership and Communication in the Current World’.
Mihai Alexandrescu
Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History
Cluj-Napoca, April 2016
5
List of Abbreviations
ACHPR African Court on Human and People’s Right
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency
AFP Agencie France Presse
AMIF Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund
CEAS Common European Asylum System
CEPOL College Europeen de Police
CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU
CIA Central Intelligence Agency (US government)
CNN Cable News Network
EASO European Asylum Support Office
EC European Communities
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
ENI European Neighbourhood Instrument
EP European Parliament
EU European Union
eu-LISA The EU Agency for Large Informational Systems
EURODAC European Dactyloscopy
EUROPOL European Police Office
EUROSUR European Border Surveillance System
Frontex Frontières extérieures
FSA Free Syrian Army
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IACHR Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
ICG International Crisis Group
ICJ International Court of Justice
IJRC International Justice Resource Centre
IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
IS Islamic State
ISF Internal Security Fund
ISW Institute for the Study of War
JHA Justice and Home Affairs Council
JN Jabhat al-Nusra
KNC Kurdish National Council
KRG Kurdistan Regional Government
6
LAS League of Arab States
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender
MB Muslim Brotherhood
MEP Member of the European Parliament
MOC Military Operations Command
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations
NMC Northern Military Command
OAS American Convention on Human Rights
OAU United African Organisation
OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (United
Nations)
OHCHR Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference
OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSCE Organisation for Security and Co-Operation in Europe
Pegida Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West
PKK Kurdistan Worker’s Party
PM Prime Minister
PYD Democratic Union Party (Syria)
SCS School of Critical Studies
SDF Syrian Democratic Forces
SNAP Strategic Needs Analysis Project
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
UAE United Arab Emirates
UDHR Universal Declaration on Human Rights
UK United Kingdom
UKIP United Kingdom Independence Party
UN United Nations
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNKRA United Nations Korean Reconstruction Agency
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refu-
gees in the Near East
US/USA United States of America
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
YPG People’s Protection Units (Syria)
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List of Contributors
Mihai Alexandrescu, Senior Lecturer, Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University
Sergiu-Constantin Dur, MA Student at the Program ‘Management of Security
in the Contemporary Society’ at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University. Also Erasmus Student at Ankara University.
Mihai Ilea, MA Student at the Program ‘Leadership and Communication in
the International Organisations’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Priscilla Oltean, MA Student at the Program ‘Leadership and Communication
in the International Organisations’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Pállukács Hajnal, MA Student at the Program ‘Management of International
Relations and European Policies’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Corina Palaghie, MA Student at the Program ‘Leadership and Communication
in the International Organisations’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Paul Popa, PhD Student at the Doctoral School ‘International Relations
and Security Studies’, Babes-Bolyai University. Also PhD Student at the
Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche, Seconda Università Degli Studi di Napoli.
Adina Șerban, MA Student at the Program ‘Management of International
Relations and European Policies’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Gabriel Uifălean, MA Student at the Program ‘Management of International
Relations and European Policies’, at the Department of International Studies
and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai
University.
Monica Ungureanu, MA Student at the Program ‘Leadership and
Communication in the International Organisations’, at the Department of
International Studies and Contemporary History, Faculty of History and
Philosophy, Babes-Bolyai University.
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Contents
5
PREFACE
List of Abbreviations
6
List of Contributors
8
List of Figures and Tables
10
Migration Securitization Towards Refuge Securitization – the State
Security Against the Global Human Rights?
Mihai ALEXANDRESCU 11
23
PART I. GENERAL FRAMEWORK
Syria – An X-Ray of a perpetual crisis International law on refugees:
between norm and moral
Sergiu-Constantin DUR 25
International law on refugees: between norm and moral
Paul POPA 61
91
PART II. HOW SECURITIZATION WORKS
Ways of Securitizing Migration in the European Union as a Result of
the 2015 Refugee Crisis: Typology of Actors, Discourses and Effects
Priscilla OLTEAN 93
The European Identity and the Refugee Crisis
Corina PALAGHIE & Monica UNGUREANU 123
The reactions of Central and Eastern European national
leaders regarding the refugee crisis. Case studies: Hungary,
Slovakia, Czech Republic and Poland
Adina-Elena ȘERBAN 143
Hungary and the Migrant Crisis**
PÁLLUKÁCS Hajnal 161
European NGO’ and the Refugee Crisis: Case studies of Serbia
and Hungary*
Gabriel UIFĂLEAN 171
185
PART III. ANOTHER CASE OF THE REFUGEEE CRISIS
The Humanitarian Ukrainian Crisis and the European Union
Mihai ILEA 187
197
REFERENCES
9
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Stages of the securitization process.
97
Figure 2. Securitization of an issue by presenting it as a priority.
107
Figure 3. Securitization of an issue by presenting
it as an existential threat.
108
Table 1. Origin countries of refugees and migrants coming
to Germany - as far October 2015.
114
Table 2. Adopted/proposed measures in order to cope with the
refugee crisis.
115
10