Table Of ContentThe R E A D E R ’S
COMPANION to
U.S. W OM EN ’S
H ISTO R Y
Copyright © 1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company
All rights reserved.
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book,
write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, 215 Park Avenue South,
New York, New York 10003.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The reader's companion to U.S. women’s history,
p. cm.
Edited by Wilma Mankiller and others.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-395-67173-6
1. Women—United States—History—Sources. 2.Women —United
States—Social conditions. 3. Feminism —United States—History.
I. Mankiller, Wilma Pearl, 1945- .
H21410.R43 1998
3°5.4'°973—den 97-39923
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
qum 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Title page illustration: Cherokee Young Ladies’ Seminary,
Denver Public Library, Western History Collection
CONTENTS
Contributors
vii
Editors’ Note
xvii
ENTRIES 1-657
Index of Contributors 661
General Index 665
Illustration Credits 696
ADVISORY BOARD
Edna Acosta-Belen
Barbara Haber
Evelynn M. Hammonds
Darlene Clark Hine
Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy
Clara Sue Kidwell
Valerie Matsumoto
The Honorable Patsy T. Mink
Robin Morgan
Mary Beth Norton
Vicki Ruiz
CONTRIBUTORS
Stephanie Aaronson Bettina Aptheker
Washington, D.C. University of California, Santa Cruz
Mimi Abramovitz Jeannette C. Armstrong
City University of New York Eriowkin Centre
Bella Abzug Betsy Aron
Women’s Environment and Cambridge, Massachusetts
Development Organization
Marilou Awiakta
Martha Ackelsberg Memphis, Tennessee
Smith College
Judith A. Baer
Ally Acker Texas A&M University
Reel Women Trust Foundation
Barbara Bair
Edna Acosta-Belen Santa Cruz, California
State University of New York at Albany
Lois W. Banner
University of Southern California
Margot Adler
New York, New York
Kathleen Barry
Pennsylvania State University
Sara Alpern
Texas A & M University Bess Beatty
Oregon State University
Nawal H. Ammar
Kent State University Evelyn Torton Beck
University of Maryland at College Park
Teresa L. Amott
Bucknell University Martha N. Beck
Phoenix, Arizona
Margo A. Anderson
University ofWisconsin at Milwaukee Susan E. Bell
Bowdoin College
Joyce Antler
Brandeis University Janet Benshoof
Center for Reproductive Law and Policy
Linda Apodaca
California State University, Claudia Bepko
Stanislaus Brunswick, Maine
viu CONTRIBUTORS
Jane Bernard-Powers Julie Burton
Scot Francisco State University Voters for Choice
Alma R. Berson Susan K. Cahn
Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts State University of New York at Buffalo
Caroline Bird Emily Card
Palmetto, Florida Santa Monica, California
Joan E. Biren Mina Carson
Takoma Park, Maryland Oregon State University
Karen J. Blair Antonia I. Castaneda
Central Washington University Scot Antonio, Texas
Kathleen M. Blee Lucie Cheng
University of Kentucky University of California, Los Angeles
Linda M. Blum Brenda Child
University of Michigan University of Minnesota
Janet K. Boles Sally Cline
Marquette University University of Cambridge
Patricia Bonica Catherine Clinton
The Union Institute Harvard University
Eileen Boris Johnnetta B. Cole
Howard University Spelman College
Nan Alamilla Boyd Sophia Collier
University of Colorado at Boulder Citizens’ Trust
Ellen Bravo Bettye Collier-Thomas
Nine to Five Temple University
Wini Breines Blanche Wiesen Cook
Northeastern University East Hampton, New York
Janet Farrell Brodie Katsi Cook
Claremont Graduate School Cornell University
Rita Mae Brown Clare Coss
Charlottesville, Virginia East Hampton, New York
Jean Gould Bryant Anne N. Costain
Florida State University University of Colorado at Boulder
Charlotte Bunch Vicki Crawford
Center for Womens Global Leadership University of North Carolina at Charlotte
CONTRIBUTORS IX
Elizabeth C. Cromley Zillah Eisenstein
State University of New York at Buffalo Ithaca College
Helen Damon-Moore Cynthia Enloe
Cornell College Clark University
Patricia D’Antonio Sara M. Evans
University of Pennsylvania School University of Minnesota
of Nursing
Candace Falk
Nora Marks Dauenhauer
University of California, Berkeley
Sealaska Heritage Foundation
Elizabeth Feder
Angela Y. Davis
Colorado College
San Francisco, California
Peggy A. Feerick
Martha F. Davis
Takoma Park, Maryland
National Organization for Women
Legal Defense and Education Fund Roslyn L. Feldberg
Massachusetts Nurses’ Association
Martha L. Deed
State University of New York at Buffalo Martha Albertson Fineman
Columbia University School of Law
Anselnra Dell’Olio
Rome, Italy
Maureen Fitzgerald
University of Arizona
Ileen A. DeVault
Cornell University School of Industrial
Yvette G. Flores-Ortiz
and Labor Relations
University of California, Davis
Janice L. Dewey
Dana Frank
University of Arizona
University of California, Santa Cruz
Jane Dolkart
Marge Frantz
Southern Methodist University
University of California, Santa Cruz
Law School
Carla Freccero
Carol Downer
University of California, Santa Cruz
Los Angeles, California
Virginia G. Drachman Estelle B. Freedman
Tufts University Stanford University
Ellen Carol DuBois Jo Freeman
University of California, Los Angeles Brooklyn, New York
Roxanne Dunbar Marilyn French
San Francisco, California New York, New York
Andrea Dworkin Adriane Fugh-Berman
Brooklyn, New York Washington, D.C.
X CONTRIBUTORS
Theresa Funiciello Barbara Haber
Woodstock, New York The Schlesinger Library
Nancy F. Gabin Elizabeth Amelia Hadley Freydberg
Purdue University Simmons College
Alma M. Garcia Kay Leigh Hagan
Santa Clara University Santa Fe, New Mexico
Linda J. Gesling Shirlee Taylor Haizlip
Evanston, Illinois Los Angeles, California
Marcia Gillespie Shelley P. Haley
Ms. Magazine Hamilton College
Jean A. Hamilton
Leslie Friedman Goldstein
University of Delaware Duke University
Evelynn M. Hammonds
Linda Gordon
Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology
University ofWisconsin, Madison
Susan Harding
Lynn D. Gordon
University of California, Santa Cruz
University of Rochester
JeanV. Hardisty
Janice Gould
Political Research Associates,
University of Colorado, Greeley
Cambridge, Massachsetts
Sara K. Gould
Joy Harjo
Ms. Foundation for Women
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Jaime M. Grant
Maxine Harris
The Union Institute
Community Connections, Washington, D.C.
Carol Green-Devens
Cynthia Harrison
Central Michigan University
George Washington University
Rita M. Gross
Daphne Duval Harrison
University ofWisconsin—Eau Claire
Columbia, Maryland
Camille Guerin-Gonzales Holly Hartman
University of California, Los Angeles Boston, Massachusetts
Beverly Guy-Sheftall Heidi Hartmann
Spelman College Washington, D.C.
Pamela Haag Leah Haus
Yale University New York University
Lisbeth Haas Lois Rita Helmbold
University of California, Santa Cruz San Jose State University
CONTRIBUTORS XI
Karen Henry Naomi Jaffe
Middle East Education Project Troy, New York
Susannah Heschel Gladys M. Jimenez-Munoz
Case Western Reserve University State University of New York at Oneonta
Nancy A. Hewitt Susan Lee Johnson
Duke University University of Colorado at Boulder
Lisa Beth Hill Adrienne Lash Jones
The American University Oberlin College
Darlene Clark Hine Ann Jones
Michigan State University New York, New York
Martha Hodes
Teresa Jordan
New York University
Deeth, Nevada
Beatrix Hoffman
Suad Joseph
Rutgers University
University of California, Davis
Judith Hole
Lani Ka’ahumanu
CBS News
San Francisco, California
Helen Bequaert Holmes
Peggy Kahn
Center for Genetics, Ethics, and Women,
University of Michigan—Flint
Amherst, Masssachusetts
Wendy Kaminer
Akasha (Gloria) Hull
Radcliffe Public Policy Institute
University of California, Santa Cruz
Temma Kaplan
Tera W. Hunter
State University of New York at Stony Brook
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Debra Renee Kaufman
Aida Hurtado
Northeastern University
University of California, Santa Cruz
Mim Kelber
H. Patricia Hynes
Womens Environment and
Boston University School of Public Health
Development Organization
Patricia Ireland
Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy
National Organization for Women
State University of New York at Buffalo
Janice M. Irvine
University of Massachusetts at Amherst Madhulika S. Khandelwal
Queens College
Ruth Harriet Jacobs
Wellesley College Center for Research Nazli Kibria
on Women Boston University
Sylvia M. Jacobs Clara Sue Kidwell
North Carolina Central University National Museum of the American Indian