Table Of ContentTHE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE LAW OF THE SEA
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Publications on Ocean Development
Volume 39
A series of Studies on
the International, Legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects
of Ocean Development
General Editor:
Vaughan Lowe
Chichele Professor of Public International Law and Fellow ofA ll Souls College,
Oxford University
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume
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The Precautionary Principle
in the Law of the Sea
Modem Decision Making in
International Law
by
SIMONMARR
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
THE HAGUEILONDONINEW YORK
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Published by:
Kluwer Law International,
P.O. Box 85889, 2508 eN The Hague, The Netherlands.
[email protected]
http://www.kluwerlaw.com
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Printed on acid-free paper
ISBN 90 411 2015 7
All Rights ReselVed
© 2003 Kluwer Law International
Kluwer Law International incorporates the imprint of Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written
permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of
being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
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To Marlene
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Preface and acknowledgements
This book is a recently revised version of my doctoral dissertation which was
undertaken at the University of Hamburg, Institute for the Law of the Sea and
Maritime Law, and accepted in June 2002. I have tried to state the law as it was
on 1 October 2001 although the careful reader will note that in a number of
aspects more recent developments have been included.
The idea of this book was born in August 1999 when the question of the
status of the precautionary principle in the Law of the Sea arrived at the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the Southern Blue/in Tuna Cases.
Fortunately, I was finishing my legal training at that time at the Tribunal and was
assigned the task of conducting preliminary research on this question.
Subsequently, substantial parts of the research for this book were done at the
United Nations Headquarters New York, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law
of the Sea, and at New York University where I enjoyed the status of a visiting
scholar from May to July 2000.
When writing this book I experienced all possible states of mind: most of
the time I was lucky enough to feel enthusiastic about writing this book.
However, there were enough times too, when I felt frustrated, and was close to
giving it all up. It was particulary during these times when I was fortunate to have
had help and inspiration from a lot of different people. First of all, I am indebted
to Prof. Dr. Rainer Lagoni for the encouragement and enduring support he gave
me in writing this book and, finally, for making the first review on the
dissertation. To this end I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Koch for his second
review of the dissertation. I am also indebted to Gabriele Gottsche-Wanli, Legal
Officer at the United Nations Division for the Law of the Sea, for inspiring me
with her profound knowledge in all areas of the law of the sea and for spending
countless hours in discussions with me exchanging ideas on the thesis which were
most valuable and contributed greatly for the development of this book. Further, I
am indebted to Prof. Philippe Sands who raised my interest in international
environmental law at London University (School of Oriental and Asian Studies)
and supported my application as visiting scholar at New York University where I
spent a most fruitful time establishing the foundation for this book. To this end I
am tremendously indebted to the New York University, in particular Prof.
Richard Stewart, for supporting my studies. In addition, I should also thank Dr.
Ximena Hinrichs, Legal Officer at the International Tribunal for the Law of the
Sea, for inspiring me to writing this book and her continuing support throughout
the whole process. This book would never have been written without her.
Moreover, I would like to thank Matthias Buck, Roda Verheyen, Vera Rodenhoff
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VIII Preface
and Alex Rydmark who provided me with substantial, invaluable food for thought
when writing this book.
I should also thank Radu Popa, from the international law section of NYU
law library, and Ellen Schaffer, from the library of the International Tribunal for
the Law of the Sea who helped me tremendously in the research for this book.
Extra thanks must also go to numerous friends who never tired in their
support, in particular Philipp Mainzer for making it possible for me to pursue
research in New York City.
Also, I am indebted to my family and their everlasting moral and financial
support. Without their help writing this book clearly would not have been
possible.
Finally, I would like to thank Annebeth Rosenboom from Kluwer Law
International for her interest in publishing this book. I must also say thanks to
Andreas Kraemer, Director of Ecologic, Institute for International and European
Environmental Policy, who generously supported the publishing process and my
colleagues Katy Thiele for her enormous assistance and stamina in making this
book camera-ready and Jan Altman-Schevitz for proof-reading it and improving
the language. Needless to say that any remaining errors or omissions remain my
full responsibility.
Simon Marr
Ecologic, Institute for International and European Environmental Policy
Pfa1zburger Str. 43-44
10717 Berlin
Berlin, 11 October 2002
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Table of Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
1 History and Overview of the Precautionary Principle .............................. 5
1.1 The Concept of the Precautionary Principle ............................................... 7
1.2 The Nature of a Principle as Compared to a Rule of law ......................... 12
1.3 The Precautionary Principle in Operation ................................................ 15
1.4 Burden of Proof ........................................................................................ 16
1.5 Precautionary Principle v. Precautionary Approach ................................ 17
1.6 Critique of the Precautionary Principle .................................................... 21
2 Science ......................................................................................................... 24
2.1 Scientific Uncertainties Included ............................................................. 25
2.2 Degree of Scientific Certainty .................................................................. 25
2.3 Threshold Finding .................................................................................... 26
2.4 Risk Assessment Methods ........................................................................ 28
2.5 Institutional Changes ................................................................................ 32
2.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 33
3 Limitations of the Precautionary Principle •..••...............•.•..•...•.•..•.•.•..•.••. 35
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 35
3.1 Principle of Proportionality ..................................................................... .35
3.2 Principle of Sustainable Development .................................................... .40
3.3 The Law of the Sea Convention .............................................................. .41
4 Pollution of the Marine Environment ....................................................... 46
Introduction ....................................................................................................... 46
4.1 International Conferences ........................................................................ 47
4.2 Global Agreements ................................................................................... 52
4.3 Regional Agreements ............................................................................... 57
4.4 UNEP Regional Seas Conventions .......................................................... 63
4.5 Interim Conclusions ................................................................................. 65
4.6 International Courts .................................................................................. 66
4.7 Municipal Courts ...................................................................................... 69
4.8 National Laws and the European Community ......................................... 80
4.9 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 98
5 Marine Biodiversity .................................................................................. 100
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 100
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X Table a/Contents
5.1 International Conferences ...................................................................... 101
5.2 Global Agreements ................................................................................ 101
5.3 European Community ............................................................................ 109
5.4 National Laws ........................................................................................ 111
5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 113
5.6 Unwanted Aquatic Organisms in Ship's Ballast Water ......................... 114
6 Precautionary Approach to Dumping and Incineration ....................... 118
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 118
6.1 International Conferences ...................................................................... 119
6.2 Global Agreements ................................................................................ 121
6.3 Regional Agreements ............................................................................. 124
6.4 National Laws ........................................................................................ 125
6.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 126
6.6 Disposal of Offshore Installations .......................................................... 127
7 Conservation and Management of Living Marine Resources .............. 134
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 134
7.1 Global Agreements ................................................................................ 134
7.2 Regional Agreements and IWC ............................................................. 148
7.3 General Assembly Resolutions ........................................................... ;. . 160
7.4 Interim Conclusions ............................................................................... 161
7.5 Courts and Tribunals .............................................................................. 162
7.6 National Laws and the European Community ....................................... 166
7.7 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 176
7.8 Drift-net Fishing ..................................................................................... 177
8 Transboundary Movements of Radioactive and Hazardous Substances. 184
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 184
8.l Rights of the Coastal State! LOS Convention ........................................ 186
8.2 Global Agreements ................................................................................ 189
8.3 Resolutions and Declarations at International Conferences ................... 196
8.4 National Laws and the European Community ....................................... 197
8.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................ 200
9 From a Principle to a Rule of Customary International Law? ............ 202
9.1 Customary International Law and How it Develops .............................. 203
9.2 Status of Customary International Law .................................................. 214
10 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 223
Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 226
Index ................................................................................................................... 249
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