Table Of ContentThe Political Representation of
Immigrants and Minorities
In 2005, almost 700,000 immigrants acquired the citizenship of a member state
of the European Union; over 600,000 became US citizens; nearly 100,000
became Australians and approximately 200,000 Canadians, and 2005 was not an
exceptional year. During the past decades, many advanced liberal democracies
have become more ethnically diverse societies. This book breaks new ground in
the analysis of the political representation of immigrants and visible minorities
both theoretically and empirically. It examines the upward trend in migrant and
minority representation and demonstrates that there remain crucial differences
across liberal democracies in the timing of these developments; in channels of
access for minority representatives, in the policy focus and outcomes of minority
representation; in the nature of the connections between minority representatives
and minority communities, and in the nature of their relationships with constitu-
ents at large.
Part I analyses immigrants and visible minorities as voters, who must be the
starting point of any analysis of political representation. Part II deals with the
stage of candidate selection within political parties, a crucial and under-
researched stage in the process of political representation. Part III deals with
immigrants and members of visible minorities, once elected to parliament and
includes analyses of the Canadian Parliament, the German Bundestag, MPs in
the United Kingdom and Members of the United States Congress. The book will
be of interest to students and scholars of migration and ethnicity studies and
political science, especially those with an interest in political representation,
democratic institutions, voting behaviour, party organisation, legislative behavi-
our and comparative politics.
Karen Bird is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science,
McMaster University, Canada. Thomas Saalfeld is Professor of Political
Science at the University of Bamberg, Germany. Andreas M. Wüst is Research
Fellow at the Mannheim Center for European Social Research, University of
Mannheim, Germany.
Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science
Edited by Thomas Poguntke
Ruhr University Bochum, Germany on behalf of the European
Consortium for Political Research
The Routledge/ECPR Studies in European Political Science series is published
in association with the European Consortium for Political Research – the leading
organization concerned with the growth and development of political science in
Europe. The series presents high-q uality edited volumes on topics at the leading
edge of current interest in political science and related fields, with contributions
from European scholars and others who have presented work at ECPR work-
shops or research groups.
1 Regionalist Parties in Western 6 Social Capital and European
Europe Democracy
Edited by Lieven de Winter and Edited by Jan van Deth,
Huri Türsan Marco Maraffi, Ken Newton and
Paul Whiteley
2 Comparing Party System 7 Party Elites in Divided Societies
Change Edited by Kurt Richard Luther
Edited by Jan-E rik Lane and and Kris Deschouwer
Paul Pennings
8 Citizenship and Welfare State
Reform in Europe
3 Political Theory and European
Edited by Jet Bussemaker
Union
Edited by Albert Weale and 9 Democratic Governance and
Michael Nentwich New Technology
Technologically mediated
4 Politics of Sexuality innovations in political practice in
Edited by Terrell Carver and Western Europe
Véronique Mottier Edited by Ivan Horrocks,
Jens Hoff and Pieter Tops
5 Autonomous Policy Making by 10 Democracy without Borders
International Organizations Transnationalisation and
Edited by Bob Reinalda and conditionality in new democracies
Bertjan Verbeek Edited by Jean Grugel
11 Cultural Theory as Political 20 Estimating the Policy Position of
Science Political Actors
Edited by Michael Thompson, Edited by Michael Laver
Gunnar Grendstad and Per Selle
21 Democracy and Political Change
12 The Transformation of in the ‘Third World’
Governance in the European Edited by Jeff Haynes
Union
Edited by Beate Kohler-K och and 22 Politicians, Bureaucrats and
Rainer Eising Administrative Reform
Edited by B. Guy Peters and
13 Parliamentary Party Groups in Jon Pierre
European Democracies
23 Social Capital and Participation
Political parties behind closed
in Everyday Life
doors
Edited by Paul Dekker and
Edited by Knut Heidar and
Eric M. Uslaner
Ruud Koole
24 Development and Democracy
14 Survival of the European
What do we know and how?
Welfare State
Edited by Ole Elgström and
Edited by Stein Kuhnle
Goran Hyden
15 Private Organisations in Global
25 Do Political Campaigns Matter?
Politics
Campaign effects in elections and
Edited by Karsten Ronit and
referendums
Volker Schneider
Edited by David M. Farrell and
Rüdiger Schmitt-B eck
16 Federalism and Political
Performance 26 Political Journalism
Edited by New challenges, new practices
Ute Wachendorfer- Schmidt Edited by Raymond Kuhn and
Erik Neveu
17 Democratic Innovation
Deliberation, representation and 27 Economic Voting
association Edited by Han Dorussen and
Edited by Michael Saward Michaell Taylor
18 Public Opinion and the 28 Organized Crime and the
International Use of Force Challenge to Democracy
Edited by Philip Everts and Edited by Felia Allum and
Pierangelo Isernia Renate Siebert
19 Religion and Mass Electoral 29 Understanding the European
Behaviour in Europe Union’s External Relations
Edited by David Broughton and Edited by Michèle Knodt and
Hans- Martien ten Napel Sebastiaan Princen
30 Social Democratic Party Policies 38 Democracy and the Role of
in Contemporary Europe Associations
Edited by Giuliano Bonoli and Political, organizational and social
Martin Powell contexts
Edited by Sigrid Roßteutscher
31 Decision Making Within
International Organisations 39 The Territorial Politics of
Welfare
Edited by Bob Reinalda and
Edited by Nicola McEwen and
Bertjan Verbeek
Luis Moreno
32 Comparative Biomedical Policy
40 Health Governance in Europe
Governing assisted reproductive
Issues, challenges and theories
technologies
Edited by Monika Steffen
Edited by Ivar Bleiklie,
Malcolm L. Goggin and 41 Republicanism in Theory and
Christine Rothmayr Practice
Edited by Iseult Honohan and
33 Electronic Democracy
Jeremy Jennings
Mobilisation, organisation and
participation via new ICTs 42 Mass Media and Political
Edited by Rachel K. Gibson, Communication in New
Andrea Römmele and Democracies
Stephen J. Ward Edited by Katrin Voltmer
34 Liberal Democracy and 43 Delegation in Contemporary
Environmentalism Democracies
The end of environmentalism? Edited by Dietmar Braun and
Fabrizio Gilardi
Edited by Marcel Wissenburg and
Yoram Levy
44 Governance and Democracy
Comparing national, European and
35 Political Theory and the
international experiences
European Constitution
Edited by Yannis Papadopoulos
Edited by Lynn Dobson and
and Arthur Benz
Andreas Follesdal
45 The European Union’s Roles in
36 Politics and the European
International Politics
Commission
Concepts and analysis
Actors, interdependence,
Edited by Ole Elgström and
legitimacy
Michael Smith
Edited by Andy Smith
46 Policy-m aking Processes and the
37 Metropolitan Governance European Constitution
Capacity, democracy and the A comparative study of member
dynamics of place states and accession countries
Edited by Hubert Heinelt and Edited by Thomas König and
Daniel Kübler Simon Hug
47 Democratic Politics and Party 56 Intra- Party Politics and
Competition Coalition Governments
Edited by Judith Bara and Edited by Daniela Giannetti and
Albert Weale Kenneth Benoit
48 Participatory Democracy and 57 Political Parties and
Political Participation Partisanship
Can participatory engineering Social identity and individual
bring citizens back in? attitudes
Edited by Thomas Zittel and Edited by John Bartle and
Dieter Fuchs Paolo Belucci
49 Civil Societies and Social 58 The Future of Political
Movements Community
Potentials and problems Edited by Gideon Baker and
Edited by Derrick Purdue Jens Bartelson
50 Resources, Governance and 59 The Discursive Politics of
Civil Conflict Gender Equality
Edited by Magnus Öberg and Stretching, bending and policy
Kaare Strøm making
Edited by Emanuela Lombardo,
51 Transnational Private Petra Meier and Mieke Verloo
Governance and its Limits
Edited by Jean-C hristophe Graz 60 Another Europe
and Andreas Nölke Conceptions and practices of
democracy in the European social
52 International Organizations and forums
Implementation Edited by Donatella Della Porta
Enforcers, managers, authorities?
Edited by Jutta Joachim, 61 European and North American
Bob Reinalda and Bertjan Verbeek Policy Change
Drivers and dynamics
53 New Parties in Government Edited by Giliberto Capano and
Edited by Kris Deschouwer Michael Howlett
54 In Pursuit of Sustainable 62 Referendums and
Development Representative Democracy
New governance practices at the Responsiveness, accountability
sub- national level in Europe and deliberation
Edited by Susan Baker and Edited by Maija Setälä and
Katarina Eckerberg Theo Schiller
55 Governments, NGOs and Anti- 63 Education in Political Science
Corruption Discovering a neglected field
The new integrity warriors Edited by Anja P. Jakobi,
Edited by Luís de Sousa, Kerstin Martens and
Barry Hindess and Peter Larmour Klaus Dieter Wolf
64 Religion and Politics in Europe, 68 Political Discussion in Modern
the Middle East and North Democracies
Africa A comparative perspective
Edited by Jeffrey Haynes Edited by Michael R. Wolf,
Laura Morales and
65 New Directions in Federalism Ken’ichi Ikeda
Studies
Edited by Jan Erk and 69 Dominant Political Parties and
Wilfried Swenden Democracy
Concepts, measures, cases and
66 Public Policy and the Media comparisons
The interplay of mass Edited by Matthjis Bogaards and
communication and political Françoise Boucek
decision making
Edited by 70 The Political Representation of
Sigrid Koch- Baumgarten and Immigrants and Minorities
Katrin Voltmer Voters, parties and parliaments in
liberal democracies
67 Changing Government Edited by Karen Bird,
Relations in Europe Thomas Saalfeld and
From localism to Andreas M. Wüst
intergovernmentalism
Edited by Michael J. Goldsmith
and Edward C. Page
Also available from Routledge in association with the ECPR:
Sex Equality Policy in Western Europe, Edited by Frances Gardiner;
Democracy and Green Political Thought, Edited by Brian Doherty and Marius
de Geus; The New Politics of Unemployment, Edited by Hugh Compston;
Citizenship, Democracy and Justice in the New Europe, Edited by Percy B.
Lehning and Albert Weale; Private Groups and Public Life, Edited by Jan W.
van Deth; The Political Context of Collective Action, Edited by Ricca
Edmondson; Theories of Secession, Edited by Percy Lehning; Regionalism
Across the North/South Divide, Edited by Jean Grugel and Wil Hout.
The Political
Representation of
Immigrants and Minorities
Voters, parties and parliaments in liberal
democracies
Edited by Karen Bird,
Thomas Saalfeld and
Andreas M. Wüst
First published 2011
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
© 2011 Karen Bird, Thomas Saalfeld and Andreas M. Wüst for selection
and editorial matter; individual contributors, their contribution
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 0-203-84360-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13: 978-0-415-49272-0 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-84360-4 (ebk)
Contents
List of figures xi
List of tables xii
List of contributors xiv
Series editor’s preface xvi
Preface xviii
Acknowledgements xx
1 Ethnic diversity, political participation and representation:
a theoretical framework 1
KAREN BIRD, THOMAS SAALFELD AND ANDREAS M. WÜST
PART I
Immigrants and members of visible minorities as voters:
turnout and party choice 23
2 Voter turnout among immigrants and visible minorities in
comparative perspective 25
3 Party choices among immigrants and visible minorities in
comparative perspective 66
PART II
Immigrants and members of visible minorities as candidates
for elective office 107
4 New citizens – new candidates? Candidate selection and the
mobilization of immigrant voters in German elections 109
SARA CLARO DA FONSECA
