The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing Pharmaceutical Care

503 Pages·2019·8.17 MB·English

by  Filipa Alves da Costa

Filipa Alves da Costa
J. W. Foppe van Mil · Aldo Alvarez-Risco
Editors
The Pharmacist Guide
to Implementing
Pharmaceutical Care
The Pharmacist Guide to Implementing
Pharmaceutical Care
Filipa Alves da Costa J. W. Foppe van Mil
(cid:129)
Aldo Alvarez-Risco
Editors
The Pharmacist Guide
to Implementing
Pharmaceutical Care
123
Editors
Filipa AlvesdaCosta AldoAlvarez-Risco
Instituto UniversitárioEgas Moniz (IUEM) Universidad deSanMartín dePorres
Monte daCaparica Lima
Portugal Peru
J.W. FoppevanMil
vanMilConsultancy
Zuidlaren
TheNetherlands
ISBN978-3-319-92575-2 ISBN978-3-319-92576-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018942909
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Preface
Pharmaceutical care is the pharmacist’s contribution to the care of individuals in
order to optimize medicines use and improve health outcomes. The concept, that
was first really developed around 1990 by Hepler and Strand, deals with how
medicine users should receive their medicines and accompanying medicine infor-
mation. At the same time, however, the pharmacist is also expected to counsel the
patient, and monitor the problems that may occur with the medicine use, the
so-called drug-related problems. As part of pharmaceutical care nowadays, phar-
macists are also expected to assist prescribers in selecting the optimal medicine
treatment or even to prescribe. Many practicing pharmacists have embraced phar-
maceuticalcare,butothersdonotyetknowhowtoshapeitintheirpracticesetting.
Thepurposeofthisbookistocomprehensivelyprovidepracticalsupportforthe
implementationofpharmaceuticalcare.Thisbookisintendedtoguideandsupport
practitioners in different settings when incorporating pharmaceutical care in their
practice. The joint effort of experts from five continents gives this book the rele-
vanceandpracticalutilityneededfortheimplementationofpharmaceuticalcareat
various levels and within different healthcare systems. Their experience forms the
basis of this practical guide, aimed at all pharmacists at all levels and settings.
In Part I of the book, the basics of pharmaceutical care are described.
Afundamentalaspectoftheapproachofthisbookisthatitisbasedonaconsensus
definition of pharmaceutical care, introduced in Chap. 1, and pursued throughout
thebook.Thefirstchapteralsodepictsthedevelopmentoftheconcept.InChap.2,
the contribution of pharmaceutical care to the identification and prevention or
resolvingofdrug-relatedproblemsisestablished,makingthelinktounderstandina
practicalwayhowthisprofessionalactivitymaybeusefultoachieveoptimalresults
of therapy for patients.
Part II is centered on the patient and comprises 10 chapters. Chapter 3 presents
the pharmaceutical care process in detail, describing the role of the patient in the
process and how to assess health-related needs to develop person-centered phar-
maceutical care, moving then to the aspects of counseling, instructing patients and
increasing health literacy in Chap. 4. The contribution of medication adherence to
pharmaceutical care is discussed in Chap. 5, exploring methods to detect and
v
vi Preface
classify nonadherence in order to target interventions that are meaningful for that
person.TheimportanceofinterprofessionalcommunicationisdiscussedinChap.6,
stressing the difference between multidisciplinary and interprofessional collabora-
tion and the impact of the different approaches on effective pharmaceutical care.
Chapter 7 focuses on medication reconciliation and review, as an essential part of
pharmaceuticalcare.Itdescribesthedifferentformsofthesystematicprocessesthat
aim to increase patient safety as well as the effectiveness and efficiency of phar-
macotherapy. Chapter 8 sets the scene for aspects of documentation of pharma-
ceutical care activities, an aspect further detailed during Chap. 9, where quality
control is described, including the development and validation of guidelines and
protocols to be used in practice. This part concludes with Chaps. 10, 11, and 12,
wheretherelatedconceptsofindicators,theSPO(structure,process,andoutcome)
paradigm,andtheECHOmodel(economic,clinical,andhumanisticoutcomes)are
discussed, culminating on the recommendations for the development of Core
Outcomes Set (COS) for achieving evidence that may be combined and processed
leadingtomore robustevidenceonthevalue ofpharmaceuticalcare interventions.
PartIII,comprisingChaps.13–17,weaimtoprovideanoverviewofthelevelof
progress in the implementation of pharmaceutical care in the five continents,
mentioningrelevantlegislation,practicalinitiatives,andresearch.Itindicatessome
ofthepossibilitiesforpharmaceuticalcarethatthevarioushealthcaresystemsoffer.
Part IV deals with implementation theory and practice. Chapter 18 provides a
comprehensive review of implementation strategies. This chapter is then comple-
mented by Chaps. 19–21, where existing strategies for the implementation of
pharmaceutical care at the community level, in nursing homes as well as in hos-
pitals and clinics are presented.
Part V, comprising Chaps. 22–25, focuses on a more holistic approach to
pharmaceutical care, detailing aspects of pharmaceutical care in daily practice that
are often forgotten. This part covers the role of pharmaceutical care in dispensing
new and repeat prescriptions, OTC medication, the provision of medical devices,
and in health promotion and disease prevention.
Part VI (Chaps. 26–33) expands pharmaceutical care for patients with specific
diseases.Thesechaptersarerecommendedespeciallyforallpharmacistswishingto
provideclinicalservicestopatientswithaspecifichealthcondition.Inreality,most
patientswillhavemorethanoneofthediseasesdescribed.Butthechapterswillbe
mostly useful to understand the particularities of certain types of interventions,
indicators or even outcomes, which can then be effectively combined in practice.
Thesustainabilityofaservice,suchaspharmaceuticalcare,dependsonensuring
the continuity and improvement of the service over time. For this reason, the
economicsofthepharmaceuticalcareservicesarecrucial.PartVII,whichincludes
Chaps. 34–38, deals with the financial and economic aspects of pharmaceutical
care, sharing diverse experiences of payment methods established in different
healthcare systems, as a reference to use or adapt in other countries.
Finally, because we believe that the future of pharmacy depends also on the
coming generations, Part VIII, with Chaps. 39 and 40, discusses the practical
aspects of education. They deal with teaching pharmaceutical care in university,
Preface vii
and during continuous professional development. The latter is also applicable to
otherhealthcareprofessionalscontributingtoefficientpharmaceuticalcaredelivery,
including pharmacy technicians.
We are seriously indebted to all 67 authors of this book, who contributed their
knowledgeandexpertise.Theirspecificcontributionsarementionedintheauthors’
list.
Each of the parts has a chapter coordinator, who acted as a coeditor and
sometimes co-author. This book would not have been possible without their
help. These chapter coordinators are people with vast experience and recognized
contribution to pharmaceutical care. We are therefore especially grateful to Dave
Hackney, Hanne Herborg, Kurt E. Hersberger, Martin Henman, Timothy Rennie
and Veerle Foulon for their assistance in creating this book.
Allchapterswerereviewedbyotherexperts.Oftenoneoftheauthorsassistedin
reviewing a chapter created by someone else. But the contribution of external
refereesisalsotobeacknowledgedastheyalsogreatlycontributedtoimprovethe
final chapter versions by their constructive criticism. These reviewers are (in
alphabetical order): Anna Birna Almarsdottir (Denmark), Ana Margarida Advinha
(Portugal), Barry Carter (USA), Beata Bajorek (Australia), Cassyano Correr
(Brazil), David Woods (New Zealand), Ema Paulino (Portugal), Louise Mallet
(Canada),MaryTully(UnitedKingdom),NejcHorvat(Slovenia),ParastouDonyai
(United Kingdom), Patrícia Cavaco Silva (Portugal), Pedro Amariles (Colombia),
Peter Schneider (Austria), Sabine Vogler (Austria), Ulrich Jaehde (Germany), and
Yolande Hanssens (Qatar).
Thisbookshowsthepassionofallthosewhohaveparticipatedinitswriting,for
the optimal patient outcomes in pharmaceutical care. It brings together the expe-
riences of the professional careers of its various authors.
We hope that its reading not only provides an inspiration, but we also hope the
book is a guide to achieve the increased and thorough implementation of phar-
maceutical care in the years to come. This in turn can help the creation of more
scientific evidence to support the professional practice of pharmacy and its con-
tinuous improvement.
Remember: If you believe it, you make it.
Lisboa, Portugal Dr. Filipa Alves da Costa
Zuidlaren, The Netherlands Dr. J. W. Foppe van Mil
Lima, Peru Dr. Aldo Alvarez-Risco
Coordinating Editors
The original version of this book was revised: The affiliation of editor, Professor
Filipa Alves da Costa has been updated. The erratum to this book is available at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92576-9_41
Contents
Part I What is Pharmaceutical Care
1 Definitions of Pharmaceutical Care and Related Concepts . . . . . . . 3
J. W. Foppe van Mil
2 Pharmaceutical Care and the Role of Drug-Related Problems . . . . 11
Tommy Westerlund
Part II Pharmaceutical Care Processes
3 Pharmaceutical Care and the Role of the Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Sophie Liekens and Veerle Foulon
4 Pharmaceutical Care and Patient Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Afonso Cavaco
5 The Role of Adherence in Pharmaceutical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Parisa Aslani, Rana Ahmed and Filipa Alves da Costa
6 The Role of Interprofessional Communication
in Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Veerle Foulon, Joke Wuyts, Sophie Liekens
and Giannoula Tsakitzidis
7 Medication Review and Medication Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Nina Griese-Mammen, Martin Schulz, Fabienne Böni
and Kurt E. Hersberger
8 Documenting Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Tommy Westerlund
9 Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Care: Guidelines
and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Martina Teichert
ix
x Contents
10 Structure, Process, and Outcome, and Their Indicators . . . . . . . . . 107
Martina Teichert
11 Economical, Clinical and Humanistic Outcomes and
Pharmaceutical Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Heather E. Barry and Carmel M. Hughes
12 The Role of Core Outcome Sets for Pharmaceutical
Care Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Anna Millar, Audrey Rankin, Mairead McGrattan,
Maureen Spargo and Carmel M. Hughes
Part III Pharmaceutical Care Around the World
13 Pharmaceutical Care in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Lawrence Brown and Enrique Seoane-Vazquez
14 Pharmaceutical Care in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Filipa Alves da Costa
15 Pharmaceutical Care in Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Timothy F. Chen and Prasad S. Nishtala
16 Pharmaceutical Care in Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Aldo Alvarez-Risco and Shyla Del-Aguila-Arcentales
17 Pharmaceutical Care in Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Shaun Wen Huey Lee and J. Simon Bell
Part IV Implementing Pharmaceutical Care in Different Settings
18 Pharmaceutical Care and Implementation Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Victoria Garcia-Cardenas, Charlotte Rossing
and S. I. (Charlie) Benrimoj
19 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care
in Community Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Charlotte Rossing, S. I. (Charlie) Benrimoj
and Victoria Garcia-Cardenas
20 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Nursing Homes . . . . . . 225
Carmel M. Hughes
21 Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Hospitals
and Clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Ulrika Gillespie
Contents xi
Part V Delivering Pharmaceutical Care in Practice
22 Pharmaceutical Care and Dispensing Medicines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Luís Lourenço, J. W. Foppe van Mil and Martin Henman
23 OTC Medication and Pharmaceutical Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Vivien Tong and Parisa Aslani
24 Care Around Medical Devices: Infusion Sets and Devices . . . . . . . 277
Claire Chapuis, Lise Bernard, Pierrick Bedouch and Valérie Sautou
25 Pharmaceutical Care, Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Claire Anderson
Part VI Pharmaceutical Care for Specific Patient Groups
26 Pharmaceutical Care in the Aged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Cristín Ryan and Máire O’Dwyer
27 Pharmaceutical Care in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Maria Cordina
28 Pharmaceutical Care in Type-2 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Ines Krass and Kreshnik Hoti
29 Pharmaceutical Care and Cardiovascular Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Martin Schulz, Katrin Krueger, Nina Griese-Mammen
and Ross Tsuyuki
30 Pharmaceutical Care for Patients Receiving Anticoagulation . . . . . 369
Sotiris Antoniou, Maria Pinto da Silva and Jagjot Kaur Chahal
31 Pharmaceutical Care in Pediatrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Rebekah Moles and Stephen Carter
32 Pharmaceutical Care for Cancer Outpatients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Jaqueline G. Hugtenburg, Lonneke Timmers
and Jan Jacob Beckeringh
33 Pharmaceutical Care in Viral Diseases
(HIV and Hepatitis C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Susan Kamal, Olivier Bugnon and Marie-Paule Schneider
Part VII Remuneration of Pharmaceutical Care
34 Introduction to Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Mitja Kos