The New Children's Encyclopedia

298 Pages·2009·164.1 MB·English

by  DK Publishing

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DK Publishing
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI
INTRODUCTION 4
Senior editors Carrie Love, Caroline Stamps,
Deborah Lock, and Ben Morgan
Senior designers Rachael Smith and Tory Gordon-Harris SPACE 6
Editors Fleur Star, Joe Harris, Wendy Horobin, Lorrie Mack
Designers Clemence Monot, Mary Sandberg, The universe 8
Galaxies 10
Sadie Thomas, Lauren Rosier, Gemma Fletcher,
Balls of gas 12
and Sonia Moore
The solar system 14
US editor Margaret Parrish
Flying rocks 18
Packaging services supplied by Bookwork
Eye spy space 20
Publishing manager Bridget Giles
The Apollo program 22
Art director Rachael Foster
Exploring space 24
Production controller Claire Pearson
The red planet 26
Production editor Siu Chan
Jacket designer Natalie Godwin
Jacket editor Mariza O’Keeffe EARTH 28
Picture researcher Liz Moore
Our unique world 30
Consultants Peter Bond, Dr. Lynn Dicks, Angus Konstam, Dynamic planet 32
Dr. Kim Dennis-Bryan, Dr. Donald R. Franceschetti, Roger Volcanoes and earthquakes 34
Bridgman MSc, Dr. Dena Freeman, and Dr. Penny Preston Making mountains 36
Rocks and minerals 38
First American Edition, 2009 Rock and mineral guide 40
Published in the United States by Riches from the Earth 42
DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street Erosion 44
New York, New York, 10014 A look at time 46
Copyright © 2009 Dorling Kindersley Limited Precious water 48
The world’s oceans 50
Atmosphere and climate 52
09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Extreme weather 54
CD293—04/09
ENVIRONMENT and ECOLOGY 56
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be
A shared planet 58
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
Habitats 60
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
Deserts 62
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior Grasslands 64
written permission of the copyright owner. Forests 66
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Mountains 68
Polar regions 70
A catalog record for this book Fresh water and wetlands 72
is available from the Library of Congress Oceans and sea life 74
ISBN: 978-0-7566-5197-8 Coral reefs 76
Climate change 78
Looking to the future 80
Color reproduction by Media Development
and Printing Limited, United Kingdom
LIVING WORLD 82
Printed and bound by Star Standard, Singapore
Life on Earth 84
Discover more at
Plant life 86
www.dk.com
Types of plant 88
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
Plant reproduction 90 Islamic golden age 196
Animal life 92 Aztecs and Incas 198
Mammals 94 Colonial America 200
Mammal record breakers 96 The slave trade 202
Killer carnivores 98 The age of empire 204
Amphibians 100 Industrial Revolution 206
Reptiles 102 World War I 208
Birds 104 World War II 210
Penguins and birds of prey 106 Revolutions! 212
Fish 108 In the news 214
Invertebrates 110 What is a government? 216
Amazing arthropods 112
Incredible insects 114 SCIENCE 218
Bugs and beetles 116
Marine invertebrates 118 What is science? 220
What are you doing here? 120 Mighty atoms 222
Microlife 122 Solid, liquid, or gas? 224
Animals of the past 124 Mixing chemicals 226
It’s elementary 228
CONTINENTS of the WORLD 126 Energy 230
Feel the force 232
Our world 128 Gravity 234
North America 130 Electricity and magnetism 236
Life in North America 132 Science of sound 238
South America 134 Light fantastic 240
Life in South America 136 Spectrum 242
Africa 138 Evolution 244
Life in Africa 140 Genes and DNA 246
Europe 142 Forensic science 248
Life in Europe 144
Asia 146 TECHNOLOGY 250
Life in Asia 148
Australasia and Oceania 150 Inventions and discoveries 252
Life in Australasia and Oceania 152 Modern medicine 256
World flags 154 Electric cars 258
Through a lens 260
CULTURE 156 Global village 262
Is this real? 264
World religions 158 Robotics 266
Celebrations 162 Nanotechnology 268
World art 164
Modern art 166
Writing and printing 168 THE HUMAN BODY 270
Education 170
Music 172 Your body 272
The orchestra 174 Bones 274
Let’s perform 176 Mighty muscles 276
Sports 178 Blood flow 278
Architecture 180 Think! Act! 280
Sensing the world 282
Take a breath 284
HISTORY and POLITICS 182 Food flow 286
The start of life 288
Tales from the past 184 Stay healthy 290
Early people 186
Ancient Egypt 188 Glossary 292
Greeks and... Romans 190 Index 296
Medieval period 192 Credits and acknowledgments 303
China’s dynasties 194
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
Introduction
Every child needs a book that answers his or her questions about the world: how it was made, what
makes plants grow, why the Sun shines, how the human body works, what happened in the past,
and why other countries are different from their own. Properly stimulated, this early thirst for knowledge
can become a lifelong process of discovery and understanding. This encyclopedia aims to encourage
young readers to make these discoveries for themselves by presenting clear and concise information
in an exciting visual manner that draws them in and entices them to read on.
This brand new Children’s Encyclopedia is divided into thematic chapters. All the major topics are
represented: space, Earth science, the environment, animals and plants, countries of the world, culture,
history, science and technology, and the human body. Stunning photographs and illustrations accompany
the text, which is packed with fascinating facts, timelines, and special features. Cross references lead the
reader to related topics that help cover the subject in more depth and from new angles. Unique features
focus on items of special interest, such as an orchestra or time zones, or collections of bugs or minerals.
With so much to look at and find out about, this book will prove to be a valuable reference that young
readers will treasure for years to come.
( p. 110–111) When you see this symbol in the book, turn to the pages listed to find out more about a subject.
4
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
BBueegtsl easnd BEETLES SlCseaepodctveiyenmbneplu-luasgn p toactttaed BUGS AND BEETLES
LIVING WORLDThmai8nc2set,eeua0 cnaw0tl .0lao yTh nr sdaypn ie“cs cb rooieureredsgdp.e” eyrB r i- oseci esrfo atacflwte aepslln lyaae, r drutbei s ucHenutdoe li mattt r otii hps k teien rsdaa ,mo afen das i tb uhgass: LeCaafld lbiigselroaecptahlteaa LIVING WORLD
t3kBhn7Ue0oGyw, 0Shn0a 0vin eb steehecettli esrp osepwceince isoe. sr—dert,h Cato’sl eoonptee-rtah.i rThd oerf ea lalr e LPharnictteurs nqu binuqguepartitus WEupeheovliuls bennetti TgThderecoeenrmum-nsgopudptoht abitlttueuememdt le SLutacagn ubse ceetrlveuTEsuogretnoysias er ebgaeleistle
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HOW CAN YOU TELL IF IT’S A BUG? HOW CAN YOU TELL IF IT’S A BEETLE?
Bwma(cid:0)a n uciAoandg ut gsessttr siuhhpn aic kalfnkl voabdierrun. gtagp w p ibueroeerp yacp sik faonolniigork s de o. f BmatwLnhsyauim ecennegt pwgaayshid smmnh uogaop lr vtrh eprfse oh iptnrohrmcsoaoitds,m :ubl otpcuhotlteiek vywt ees si i tomtharroigltluaa alnrctie A fswted.oi un lgt Elytra Bjelwacekl b eetle Bmtftfcoohhaerreseeeemee tbsw.tl o ieoinifsnndt g h gy ht.asah i Evntepeh ldrym aoewttltri yiedafntoc dragtlalidrseSv e, tt e oahoh gvfa a betre rde t le laBlLravaerarev.v.ta.la ,e tsah nhedan v pecu hcpaoanm glopeo ltekot e da m ipffueetrpaeamn,.. t.oa pfnrrupdopha mfi.o..n s tiahsl:.el .y. t aha bdnedeuy c lasotd.tumalrtet alinfe a adsu al t.
116 117
u COLLECTIONS look at a particular
group of things such as beetles and bugs
( p. 116–117), flags, and mammals.
CONTINENTS OF THE WORLDwab(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)7l1TmUM*AAtltsoaoaaR79hh(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)gonfoo(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)eefn8,r CNBSLPLHLB readdur3rufgVdze eaaoin aomo om4iiitauuciKeaer gggAdthnrne1vprntamlresigaa aeahghg.gge leiuds’trdt flRasell,as beeeaTiruet ri eallon, a d Snstseaesss hIasvd(shn Un15 teiu Etttstaatrce3ge are i, agadA stcplnr8,rorDoetrra 0apae aeiAeiect9fooidnefs nv0pnt snrkir 5houi a d ieccatL0rFd—,egn neoS c ou)1nn m roraae Art Rfielxoaei, nxt ds a,anu0 nLti)a rc tNne ltmN KIKdsn0anyhaa ,nr8Nog CN siite 0kydncteaal Ell noDrsaleeinRs dtsto iAfgnma ite oS , tymTtseceiy4r VSohnylaran ,hatapNeyps,l ui iidh. 1nmec e aCunbhpt nE2fz. 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u DETAILED MAPS accompany features about
countries and continents ( p. 128–153). These
are packed with facts and figures about the
geography, people, and cultures of the region.
Islamic golden age WHO’S WHO? ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE
HISTORY AND POLITICS IsdtMAhhtMhhtniiresseauaE e a tabhtct Certeiehafamahnm aCc)eit.hy,inm e A t Ai7rttnh oahftotgtd hhfestea a,rwte n khhIbca eeesdAese l icfrn bnaoarelogmitaanttur uhwtbfnrroi nro iocrsiaylecnf d ,enaoe I Mdn sMme fl dPaio eg mIucepehuscstn.tlit ah aora yi(befmanen la tmiosehrs wsuhexb m l lpcataiahnitsatae.e ye rSnd I cdadwd niuute iydeo tes th idatnt h sao e rbha lcipises ihntdeetlaudyc,r htishepisner egaIafsstd.leairmn hgi ics ,omGiashnfs opaoPt4IoraAkSoedweneRncr0uvnfc.lylt nc t ie,Oinot wH6s egr rh (Mwnhe6po iiMPiewvonefis1tnuH t reueeaUhtue,el hded aasn sTEohtaaim t s hwnlE ccmtiTaI etohhIe shamLioaslm nm ityetaLoOdM nhysm cym s aadel gMahFaeitdmurseziahbd .o c tessw EdIeoh ssThohlcdS s’u ,,iaespteMs e mLra tfdtweon se oeitdA ltoO stdre athihtl eSmht.nMosaedRei ish eH lcnd- ci.tbeE wsi vihfie t ne ii.CaistAosnt.rced-h .enros nodtlatdensema d lafa td o wie homnpe sf xofe )th te c,sa is iag.s el fMAt(Pd■■■■iIagnmhoael bos- euuMAHSlfalbove neasmsaalae sldawucitislrtrtiGaid etmoahaniiinnri uernnrdrobla ooad e dlinKe pfoeeMtdnd r6cmi h ,eo)tfsdMniAa .a5 xh Atew l oe mt l6lMTiiTpiAe cihutf-obr(p.hhhcei 1aRehn BEcciuahocele1 ad aargti, , I s A uf3e cms(iTl lAystew5 sdiasl7 hhpl(t hmarm9 e5 aspi-hoiaAttmai9m1a7sd,tosoadub ciu-1 d0eS ci ddsi(6ce cvwr9au e-rfyosa e(6 6isoa3.nr7tbrrrnsa.d1 3olein)di 6iealds N )t n2lodA-iJ6 b i, Hn )swtg iai e-1 ehYghbt8HMgien r 1eeoaheet au0 der8tmhnwpt cuts9so s s7 a e eOwsa)e uaal.o d. mIlelnhTnbnsfiasea m leh o,bjedsImsat eu esat u h Nmlcttts nseaihhhoatfiueild i mneeegnd floscot t chdi ofafihfi)fen t nnr r sgss- , tt uitoThonirum sQtiqt serti Isuhbi Bnacelat s LedtdhrdAia,ur yHeMom,cf t f eutaiMnhosclnteiiu n m wKh(gqasa a timsathb obuelm a apsdeh ardiia)dnr .ye t coMfit ifivoeegcn uc,a re. ThMoes qGMhtTmefurhvriroeuageeai m rhnneidmynzead ioszt tro tnMhiies oneetpqns e ou tmccaaioeacnlr .iallp entyl ssr,at aiharnyee et r. HISTORY AND POLITICS
TAKE A LOOK: ISLAMIC ARTIFACTS
Thstyele I isnla amrti,c ccriavfitlsiz, aatniodn a hrcahdi tae cdtiustrien, catnivde mastardoen gormeayt, aadnvda mnceeds iicnin mesa. thematics,
TAKE A PICTURE
Cotuofa IgdlSlleaiLcgzorAeradaMp thtei IylbC eaus niwAlddeR irmneT gou ss.saeidc s pcbuaey lr AcufueSscilTtnaetgRdi n tOthghe Lia sS A piunBenrsEt saro unn Th’mds pesetnoyast ir tfsio.orn Fwduel eocOrwoer TeawrtTsii dvaOeen lMpyd a ulAtastereNdgrne aV sls.eA aSveEs Twehxaiess t Dcinoogmm Ieps lloeaftm etidhc e ibn Ru 6oil9cd1kin asghn irdni n itseh teihn we J ooerlrdludes.sa tl em
TIMELINE OF ISLAMIC EMPIRE
619Mcatc2hoin6v2eundi –lht Iiersza6oslamatl3tam iombo2filn cia sM .dMh eteodUco ckHa AMMAD 6ThUeI(6ssxlhm1paeoma– awcny7iadncyl5 iea Epiddn0hm tf sgahUp romeiefr Me ietnl yh) eA. YYAAFRDEICU AROPE■■ M Beacgchadad 7BItwl5ehsalao0eagrr mn–hcldiid1itn’csyag 2 d ccb,e5 aewanp8cntaiatde smaAr ml c oeuaB fanlt dthtdBuree ar tedAh.ee,S ISDilve r and copper basin 1MBtcEa2oanga5 lodgyIle8sn hplPdgadt a R,mosa lSuled ,Isyli ttnwarSaiinvnnahEade,si d.l ,ec egO orloson vcvcFeaaerlrp n TtrteeuuddHlre e rdsE , SULTANS 13TwIhtnhs6ioilasemar9r mdtrMhu–ieoiersc1u,rrc ,gnae5l ach n T0noIadnundl6a drqsEn k iTuaamtisnce. r-IpdfeMoiM droueo nnt nihUedng eeo o Rdfl ID 1516–1924 OTTOMAThrste(hstuaahselNteetoiee rdwO r a enonnmt vt dEioepn urmei rrxgteoahpr npeeiane e nTIn tsduo)lea. r dkm si c
u GENERAL ARTICLES focus on particular
topics of interest ( p. 196–197). Many have
timelines that chronicle key stages in development,
fact boxes, and picture features.
TECHNOLOGYEThicmrcfehpHMcOcwnreleaoyaaoep alrOhdlwcli,iurmkoll.s ltrau ti ehrN oThsschd mctsistaegeltic ehhuoeDtpdie is i getecnsnsoc py heb Ancpio aa l.taclgp tygaiau ruTh otro Fkiln, lslnatnom adleiiC rcoeleloeeks uelueb uk.nriXasbhosnsec s.t sunyl e fdta iiBaCedrrslktao ry o nor ugmetrLe omenshf wtea a g Aunegbr ir nasenmacaataRuseon hs uttonctr o etnIl tlrhfiecgr idleTordpirilnnnoanygseiy rYnn maeceaioe i cc nant,nfda,ds harre aorrugylgemedo r lutc tr el chw,aemrstdot ac aane aio areust sankdcy fe o b.ut dcstshe eahtu I, e lyneel pne gletaednf tdr r talaimreaoroce atooo o nr’dntsino,ggbxs rmukepo syey.inao c, rrrongci eThom sla we i s osf nfn ewuae odti slnrehal ueal,e gdt rr ’w ismcCon fehow mAlepisepfxionst.heltc erow, grdc hyhore.ii el v sle s Sptaartti Eoonfl eamcrtoyri tco rmaI((cid:3)nsonh tsOdooter wpyaoendnu ,b ttwehhloeeorn whe’’ts o i fioandnn a d oe fcla Teua cugtntarar nwisec ilena emncgyt g)opr.iitancore rtc. aoArfirGwr xgi mghlheehateo rtedtw slorss rphim Dtvteeuueaeerrsrdlki nnves e ac asatxh rla efst VH(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)ThfsThiiSTh(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Sejstcnnuoo(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)hila(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)uit(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)TRMet euleuTRMgner baieoozcaloheiasmran srpuanazetn p- cngned e -rspdtg ksp geu wose tioleteaeepacceielpae ry u lh li esa ci koef rafnnh. sn6 peoe2 putie rin.re0 reIa ed0rito d Fltem nJTlsi i sec m ru md sllcama d . 7spaw-oaL ciprnii 5A,ltwecrlntea rtenceeo os ileymshenec oshaisgvx, lsesa tw( pa dol(1 eauteh3at hcthty1-ssfrc,e0an n a sr0 (. ioldp1r nit knj ldseo tkTh2ohe mia p2’nmoge 0asgcueo0)sld h s)rkhw t caers emeemPoctnio n esia,bpnt/lrirtv eghahhtxeeyotge y )dr iuy (afnlcn3rigs oe atrtbe0. pee - nrr tydrkrs o o e om e ssidciucphatr/nohn hs. to )ealacrircrgta ghh nte s MU(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Fii1tnno(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)0u(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)sTRMc e0eBsofariutalp eni ocmdl rdcg spemfreepioi b li eolr anlie5 el nsn y0scc hdU –gd a o(al n1hr4r1i i0sgrt0tba6 0e e hjmma dof0m rtuupK ei,hlkreai e n nElnb(msg6.e dned4(y8o) isg k0 nmcmb–lgaa1/enn h6fu)0o d tskr.reme adTh )vt ehaelse yfyto a anrxr eie se d (cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)BMafsThSren(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)tu(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)ocTRMyo moioloalirapntsnrgedh dgsd0fae repian s noli etn! n io2maeud uf0 r d Us60sesy tep i nl0h8 mnis iesg5tp e ecigtefim lhdmieemeFdb craveryest eopuKpca lwbelr(whfem-ier3kh una cbne tn2(e g te1 iteie0goi t (tldmr4gnsp- le 0loidk0e(cid:55)ce hocrgoEmmf eecciikibrtt lleestt)oLmdolo lar yd sau-lsmii/1El. (cid:47)lepfrc h thurcw0MtisoC ) aioycasmpr0eav a ntrTonoef rse.(cid:55)riku smnwds RncaItt meatlne oaeuiIyle rrnrsrds ,Clm/g(cid:2)be. pegh pb yaecTh e.1,)elCd t ea c0tcrtiddnhihheAan0c tssuaait iRse sn7otrs yge S esdti ll TECHNOLOGY
21234558ThtThtThtThmThthahunoeereeeeen krc c ershfp eaaw eu lroyetrece h ildwbhcfetleorh trcaec orart rfreio krgrgTc 2liodxeeel Ac8 msnynraic 0tiKgbtah vyot enlEweem aetnfldm on hu bAoi rfklheinarw ec ieoetissLsa lttl tm fsplOe (ollr w4irsytor gO yo5t eotmhrh h s0Kresdt ekte ae :rt oka scn ahifnr HmvtuioleesriedesO u k ) bh t l.tegec oWhaycn oh atedememt l r ferlgcIuo agrpepTaygkeyarao l e e rWc trwanb toteelo e olo lafOe trexnrpnha co.tRsgod ethmeI.rw K tedmi c eS mctwirohta aythre.o.k eren.s 4 5 2 3 1 TF(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)Thwtfpmaad(cid:1)ThaebRrhscla(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)rora(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1) iehO TRMeoeTcseietcfweteo vtoaemtatn, pAsEaeT pr enole Tsorqiddel SeDlngti crswruoesearet l Lefp l msiayo aSesvacuFi e e Ar l’nsta Te as2teoalerea eb , t 5 ndt rad rE soe oUoa0eeit r a lshba rR Snrg wa1mela erdyemdaadr3 c ine dilwi nbas0teel!nl-vornae dlsshmssi.aic s ise(c rkg4tr tpIeo p .0ytnlheosn0s el( cr2lmkduamA1 tr0ei)fisrn on kcgbrmto auop/llhtilen y) wog ppailnpeet Emloetcotrric Batteries (cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:79)t(0h(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)(cid:1)- r1PTBA1e0ho0uec0ew0rc an e pleknsilmerte dTehnrr /Ecdioaauhe t Sobmh)en iyaisLtl-n . li6efAf oor 8lnhoen 3 omRclb1yuta O rr0l4tisact–A pes.t6 oetrD0oy cc pSopmh nabTapdcarhEskgt .t eRtea.rkieess. 259
u FACT FILES take an in-depth look at one
topic, such as electric cars ( p. 258–259). They
detail all you need to know about the subject.
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SPACE
E
C
A
P
S
The universe was born in a Big Bang about 13.7 billion years ago.
Space begins 60 miles (100 km) above the Earth.
There are 8 planets, 5 dwarf planets, and 165 known moons in our solar system.
The Sun is orbited by billions of asteroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects.
The first artificial satellite, Sputnik, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.
Which star is Which planet
our nearest star? is the king of
Find out on pages 12-13 the planets? Find out
on pages 16-17
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
Definition: Space includes
the entire universe—planets,
moons, stars, and galaxies. S
P
A
Since its birth in the Big Bang, C
E
space has been expanding
outward continuously.
About 500 people have flown in space since 1961.
A teaspoonful of material from a neutron star would weigh 10 billion tons on the Earth.
A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape.
The temperature at the center of the Sun is 27,000,000°F (15,000,000°C).
When a dying star explodes, it releases as much energy as the Sun emits in its lifetime.
When did the Which rovers
Hubble go into landed
orbit? Find out on Mars in 2004?
on pages 20-21 Find out
on pages 26-27
(c) 2012 Dorling Kindersley. All Rights Reserved.
The universe
EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Across the visible universe, galaxies
are found to be moving away from
The universe is unbelievably huge. It is everything each other—a little like spots on an
inflating balloon. However, it is
we can touch, feel, sense, measure, or detect. It actually space that is expanding. The
farther away from us galaxies are,
includes people, plants, stars, galaxies, dust clouds,
the faster they seem to
E light, and even time. Scientists believe our universe be moving.
C
A
P has existed for almost 14 billion years.
S
- ELECTRON
+ QUARKS PROTON
TIME BEGINS - ONE SECOND -
NEUTRON
TIME 10-43 seconds 10-32 seconds 10-6 seconds 3 minutes
TEMPERATURE 1827°F (1027°C) 1813°F (1013°C) 188°F (108°C)
1Moments after the 2Postinflation, 3A rapidly cooling 4Still too hot to form
Big Bang, the cosmos the universe is a cosmos permits into atoms, charged
goes through a superfast seething, hot soup of quarks to clump into electrons and protons
“inflation.” It expands from electrons, quarks, and protons and neutrons. scatter light: the universe
smaller than an atom to the other particles. is a superhot fog.
size of a grapefruit in a tiny
fraction of a second. -
+
-
+
-
-
SPACE FACT FILE Astronomers measure distance in light-
years. One light-year is the distance light
(cid:79) Light from distant galaxies has taken travels in one year. Visible light travels at
more than 12 billion years to arrive—so 186,000 miles/second (300,000 km/
we see them as they were before the second) in space. It takes a long
Earth was born. time for light to reach
(cid:79) There are more stars in the universe us from distant stars
than there are grains of sand on all of and planets.
Earth’s beaches. Telescopes are like
(cid:79) In its first second, the universe grew time machines,
from smaller than an atom to about 1,000 allowing us to see
times the size of our solar system today. what things
looked like in
the past.
8
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HYDROGEN ATOM
PROTOGALAXY
+
-
HYDROGEN NUCLEUS
HELIUM ATOM
-
- -
S
P
HELIUM NUCLEUS - + A
C
- E
+
- PRESENT DAY
+
300,000 years 1 billion years 13 billion years
18,000°F (10,000°C) -325°F (-200°C) -450°F (-270°C)
5Electrons combine 6Gravity makes 7As galaxies cluster
-
with protons and hydrogen and together under
-
neutrons to form atoms, helium gas come gravity, the first stars
mostly hydrogen and together to form clouds die and spew heavy
helium. Light can finally where the first stars elements into space:
travel long distances are born. Larger clouds these will eventually
across the universe. and groups of young form into new stars
stars form the and planets.
- first galaxies.
+
- -
-
+
- -
(cid:0) In 1974, a coded radio message
(right) was sent toward the M13 (cid:55) (cid:47)(cid:55)(cid:2)
star cluster from the huge Arecibo
(cid:1)
radio telescope (left). The message
will take about 25,000 years to get
Does ET really exist?
there, so we may get a reply 50,000
The only place known to support
years from now!
life is Earth. But scientists believe
that life could exist on other worlds if
they possess liquid water and the right
temperature. As telescopes become
(cid:1) From the top the symbols more powerful, scientists expect to
represent the numbers from one to find huge numbers of
ten, some atoms, molecules, DNA,
Earth-like planets. Some
a human, the basics of our solar
may support life.
system and information about the
sending telescope.
9
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