Table Of ContentTABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................ ii
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ iii
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... vi
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................... vii
FORWARD ................................................................................................................................................ xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................................................. xii
Somaliland National Vision 2030 ........................................................................................................... xiii
Somaliland National Development Plan II Goals ................................................................................... xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2: Macroeconomic and Social Diagnostics................................................................................ 11
Chapter 3: NDPII Pillars and Sectors ....................................................................................................... 39
Pillar 1 – Economic Development ...................................................................................................... 39
3.1 Economy Sector ...................................................................................................................... 40
3.2 Energy and Extractives Sector ................................................................................................ 62
3.3 Production Sector ................................................................................................................... 78
Pillar 2 – Infrastructure Development ............................................................................................... 97
3.4 Infrastructure Sector............................................................................................................... 98
Pillar 3 – Good Governance ............................................................................................................. 114
3.5 Governance Sector ............................................................................................................... 115
Pillar 4 – Social Development .......................................................................................................... 151
3.6 Education Sector ................................................................................................................... 152
3.7 Health Sector ........................................................................................................................ 179
3.8 WASH Sector ......................................................................................................................... 196
Pillar 5 – Environment Protection .................................................................................................... 209
3.9 Environment Sector .............................................................................................................. 210
Chapter 4: NDPII Cross-cutting Themes ............................................................................................... 231
4.1 Cross-cutting Theme I: Employment & Labour ..................................................................... 232
4.2 Cross-cutting Theme II: Social Protection ............................................................................. 244
4.3 Cross-cutting Theme III: Youth ............................................................................................. 264
Chapter 5: Resilience and Human Rights .............................................................................................. 278
Chapter 6: Implementing the NDPII ..................................................................................................... 284
APPENDIX 1: CCT/Sector Alignment to SDGs........................................................................................ 317
APPENDIX 2: NDPII Data Sources by CCT/Sector .................................................................................. 319
APPENDIX 3: NDPII Prioritization Workshops – Technical Teams ........................................................ 322
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Somaliland National Vision 20130 Pillars .................................................................................... 2
Table 2: Road Map Architecture – Main Stakeholders and Responsibilities ............................................ 6
Table 3: Somaliland’s GDP % Share by Sector ........................................................................................ 14
Table 4: External Aid Expenditures in Somaliland as % of GDP .............................................................. 21
Table 5: Somaliland Population Breakdown – Estimates for 2016 ......................................................... 25
Table 6: Somaliland Population Age Breakdown .................................................................................... 26
Table 7: Poverty Headcount in Somaliland and Regional Comparison................................................... 26
Table 8: Poverty Headcount among Working Age Individuals (15-64 years) by Economic Status ......... 27
Table 9: Primary Sector of Work ............................................................................................................ 28
Table 10: Main Activity of Labour Force ................................................................................................. 28
Table 11: Household’s Sources of Income .............................................................................................. 29
Table 12: Types of Shocks to Household Consumption .......................................................................... 30
Table 13: Somaliland’s Health Indicators ............................................................................................... 30
Table 14: Somaliland’s Health Indicators ............................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Poverty Headcount by Household Head’s Education ............................................................. 33
Table 16: Indicators of Deprivation ........................................................................................................ 33
Table 17: Incidence of Multiple Deprivations ......................................................................................... 34
Table 18: Alignment of Sectors to Action Areas ..................................................................................... 38
Table 19: Summary of Main Laws and Policies Related to Economic Development .............................. 47
Table 20: Economy Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG1 ................................................................................... 51
Table 21: Economy Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG8 ................................................................................... 52
Table 22: Economy Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG9 ................................................................................... 54
Table 23: Economy Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG10 ................................................................................. 55
Table 24: Economy Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG17 ................................................................................. 56
Table 25: Economy Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) .................................................................. 59
Table 26: Economy Sector’s Data Requirements ................................................................................... 60
Table 27: Energy and Extractives Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG4 ............................................................. 68
Table 28: Energy and Extractives Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG7 ............................................................. 69
Table 29: Energy and Extractives Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG8 ............................................................. 70
Table 30: Energy and Extractives Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG9 ............................................................. 71
Table 31: Energy and Extractives Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG13 ........................................................... 73
Table 32: Energy and Extractives Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) ............................................ 75
Table 33: Livestock Consumption in Somaliland .................................................................................... 80
Table 34: Summary of Laws and Policies Related to the Production Sector .......................................... 83
Table 35: Production Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG2 ................................................................................ 86
Table 36: Production Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG12 .............................................................................. 91
Table 37: Production Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG14 .............................................................................. 92
Table 38: Production Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) ............................................................... 94
Table 39: Production Sector’s Data Requirements ................................................................................. 95
Table 40: Infrastructure Contribution to the GDP .................................................................................. 98
Table 41: Somaliland Road Network in KM and the Current Status ....................................................... 99
Table 42: Distance of Completed and Under Construction or Planned Paved Roads in KMs ................ 99
Table 43: Land Transportation Related Indicators ............................................................................... 100
Table 44: Number of Departed and Arrived Passengers in 2015 ......................................................... 101
Table 45: Freights Through Berbera Port in 2015 ................................................................................ 101
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Table 46: Infrastructure Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG9 ......................................................................... 105
Table 47: Infrastructure Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG11 ....................................................................... 109
Table 48: Infrastructure Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) ........................................................ 112
Table 49: Somaliland Violence Rates .................................................................................................... 117
Table 50: Youth Violence Level, Violence Motives, and Positive Preventive Measures....................... 117
Table 51: Employment Status of the Criminal Offenders and Victims in Percent ............................... 118
Table 52: Somaliland Political Rights Freedom Score, 2007 to 2017 ................................................... 121
Table 53: GDP Contribution and Budget Shares of the Priority Sectors (%) ......................................... 123
Table 54: Management Delivery Cost in Percent ................................................................................. 124
Table 55: Summary of Laws and Policies Related to Governance ........................................................ 128
Table 56: Governance Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG1 ............................................................................ 132
Table 57: Governance Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG5 ............................................................................ 132
Table 58: Governance Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG10 .......................................................................... 133
Table 59: Governance Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG16 .......................................................................... 135
Table 60: Governance Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG17 .......................................................................... 143
Table 61: Governance Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) ........................................................... 149
Table 62: Summary of Education Laws and Policies ............................................................................. 164
Table 63: Education Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG3 ................................................................................ 168
Table 64: Education Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG4 ................................................................................ 169
Table 65: Education Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG9 ................................................................................ 173
Table 66: Education Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG13 .............................................................................. 174
Table 67: Education Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) .............................................................. 176
Table 68: Education Sector’s Data Requirements ................................................................................ 177
Table 69: Trend in Somali Health Outcomes ........................................................................................ 180
Table 70: Health Care Delivery Structure and Human Resource for Health Workforce in Somaliland 181
Table 71: Summary of Health Laws and Policies .................................................................................. 183
Table 72: Health Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG2 ..................................................................................... 186
Table 73: Health Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG3 ..................................................................................... 187
Table 74: Health Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG5 ..................................................................................... 190
Table 75: Health Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) .................................................................... 192
Table 76: Health Sector’s Data Requirements ...................................................................................... 193
Table 77: Summary of WASH Laws and Policies ................................................................................... 198
Table 78: WASH Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG3 ...................................................................................... 201
Table 79: WASH Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG6 ...................................................................................... 201
Table 80: WASH Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) .................................................................... 206
Table 81: WASH Sector’s Data Requirements ...................................................................................... 207
Table 82: Extent of Land Degradation in Somaliland ........................................................................... 212
Table 83: Loss of Vegetation Covers between 2000 and 2008 by Type of Land Use ........................... 213
Table 84: Observed Changes as Result of Climate Change ................................................................... 215
Table 85: Summary of Environmental Laws and Policies ..................................................................... 218
Table 86: Environment Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG15 ......................................................................... 221
Table 87: Environment Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG12 ......................................................................... 222
Table 88: Environment Sector’s RBM Matrix – SDG13 ......................................................................... 224
Table 89: Environment Sector Financial Analysis (Current USD) .......................................................... 227
Table 90: Environment Sector’s Data Requirements ........................................................................... 228
Table 91: Summary of Main Laws and Policies Related to Employment & Labour .............................. 235
Table 92: Employment & Labour RBM Matrix – SDG1 ......................................................................... 237
Table 93: Employment & Labour RBM Matrix – SDG8 ......................................................................... 237
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Table 94: Employment & Labour RBM Matrix – SDG4 ......................................................................... 239
Table 95: Employment & Labour CCT Financial Analysis (Current USD) .............................................. 241
Table 96: Employment & Labour CCT’s Data Requirements ................................................................ 242
Table 97: Summary of HIV and AIDS Laws and Policies ........................................................................ 246
Table 98: Mainstreaming HIV into key sectors ..................................................................................... 248
Table 99: Summary of Gender Laws and Policies ................................................................................. 251
Table 100: Social Protection RBM Matrix – SDG1 ................................................................................ 257
Table 101: Social Protection RBM Matrix – SDG2 ................................................................................ 258
Table 102: Social Protection RBM Matrix – SDG3 ................................................................................ 259
Table 103: Social Protection RBM Matrix – SDG5 ................................................................................ 260
Table 104: Social Protection RBM Matrix – SDG10 .............................................................................. 261
Table 105: Social Protection Financial Analysis (Current USD) ............................................................. 263
Table 106: Summary of Youth Laws and Policies ................................................................................. 266
Table 107: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG1 ........................................................................................ 268
Table 108: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG3 ........................................................................................ 269
Table 109: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG4 ........................................................................................ 270
Table 110: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG8 ........................................................................................ 271
Table 111: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG16 ...................................................................................... 272
Table 112: Youth CCT’s RBM Matrix – SDG17 ...................................................................................... 273
Table 113: Youth CCT Financial Analysis (Current USD) ....................................................................... 275
Table 114: Youth CCT’s Data Requirements ......................................................................................... 276
Table 115: Central Government Revenue Projections 2017-21 (Current USD) .................................... 285
Table 116: External Aid by Sector (Current USD) ................................................................................. 286
Table 117: Spending per sector in 2017 (Current USD) ........................................................................ 286
Table 118: Spending per person in each NDPII Sector - 2017 (Current USD) ....................................... 287
Table 119: Projected Expenditure by Sector from the Central Government and Available for NDPII
Expenditure (Current USD) ......................................................................................................... 288
Table 120: Current Estimated Cost of Achieving NDPII Objectives by Sector/CCT (Current USD) ....... 289
Table 121: Current Estimated Cost of Achieving NDPII Objectives by SDG Outcome Area and
Sector/CCT (Current USD) ........................................................................................................... 291
Table 122: Financing Gap for reaching NDPII Targets 2017-21 (Current USD) ..................................... 295
Table 123: Financing Gap per person for implementing NDPII Interventions in 2017-21 (Current USD)
.................................................................................................................................................... 295
Table 124: Estimated cost of reaching SDG by Investment Area (Current USD) .................................. 296
Table 125: Cost per person of achieving selected SDGs by 2032 and NDPII Outcomes (2017-21)
(Current USD) .............................................................................................................................. 298
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: NDPII Roadmap – Methodological Framework ......................................................................... 5
Figure 2: NDPII Sector Alignment to National Vision 2030 Pillar .............................................................. 7
Figure 3: Sectors with Underpinning and Cross Cutting Themes ............................................................. 7
Figure 4: Steps in the Results-Based Management Process ..................................................................... 9
Figure 5: Somaliland’s Livestock Exports – Livestock Annual Units ........................................................ 18
Figure 6: Somaliland’s Livestock Exports – Monthly Goat and Sheep Units........................................... 18
Figure 7: Somaliland’s Livestock Exports (Current USD) ........................................................................ 19
Figure 8: Somaliland’s Hide and Skin Exports ......................................................................................... 19
Figure 9: Somaliland’s Frankincense Exports ......................................................................................... 20
Figure 10: Selected Food Items Imported through Berbera Port (Tonnes) ............................................ 20
Figure 11: Fresh Vegetables Imported through Wajale ......................................................................... 21
Figure 12: SLSh/USD Exchange Rate ....................................................................................................... 22
Figure 13: Inflation Rate ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 14: The Somaliland’s General Government Fiscal Position through Time (Current Prices, SLSh)
...................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 15: Households with and without Employed Adults Receiving Remittances .............................. 27
Figure 16: Employment Rates by Education ........................................................................................... 29
Figure 17: Access to Healthcare in Rural and Urban Somaliland............................................................ 31
Figure 18: Incidence of Undernutrition and Malnutrition ...................................................................... 31
Figure 19: Somaliland’s Education Indicators ......................................................................................... 32
Figure 20: Gross Fixed Capital Formation (% of GDP) ............................................................................ 41
Figure 21: Female Participation in Business Ownership ......................................................................... 42
Figure 22: Labour Productivity in Somaliland’s Private Sector by Gender ............................................. 42
Figure 23: Percentage of Firms that Consider Obstacles as More than a Minor Obstacle ..................... 43
Figure 24: Percentage of Firms who Identify Access to Finance as the Most Important Obstacle by
Firms ............................................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 25: Number of Firms registered with Ministry of Trade and Investment, 2010-2016 ................ 45
Figure 26: Primary Enrolment including IQS......................................................................................... 154
Figure 27: Primary Education GER Trends ............................................................................................ 155
Figure 28: ABE Gross Enrolment Trends .............................................................................................. 157
Figure 29: Secondary School Enrolment ............................................................................................... 158
Figure 30: Secondary Education GER Trends ........................................................................................ 159
Figure 31: Higher Education Student Enrolment by Major .................................................................. 162
Figure 32: Somaliland Annual Rainfall .................................................................................................. 211
Figure 33: Domestic Revenue Growth (2004-15) ................................................................................. 285
Figure 34: Current Estimated Cost of Achieving NDPII Objectives by Sector/CCT (Current USD) ........ 289
Figure 35: Development Planning Architecture ................................................................................... 301
Figure 36: Current Coordination Mechanism in Somaliland ................................................................ 303
Figure 37: NDPII M&E Framework ........................................................................................................ 309
Figure 38: M&E Reporting and Information Sharing ............................................................................ 311
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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AIMS Aid Information Management System
ANC Anti Natal Clinic
ART Antiretroviral therapy
ART Antiretroviral Therapy
ARVs Antiretroviral drugs
BeMONC Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care
CBO Community Based Organizations
CCT Cross-Cutting Themes
CeMONC Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care
CHE Commission for Higher Education
CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate
CSC Civil Service Commission
CSD Central Statistics Department
CSOs Civil Society Organizations
CSOs Civil Society Organizations
DAC Development Assistance Committee
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DHS Demographic Health Survey
ECE Early Childhood Education
EMIS Education Information Management System
EPHS Essential Package for Health Services
EPI Essential Package for Immunization
EPRP Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan
ESPs Energy Service Providers
ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan
FBE Formal Primary Education
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FGM Female Genital Mutilation
FIES Food Insecurity Experience Scale
FMIS Financial Management Information System
FPRW Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work
FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
FZ Free Zone
GBV Gender Based Violence
GBVIMS Gender Based Violence Information Management System
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GER Gross Enrolment Rate
GFATM Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
GFATM Global Fund to Fight Against AIDS, TB and Malaria
GPI Gender Parity Index
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HE Higher Education
HLACF High-Level Aid Coordination Forum
HMIS Health Management Information System
HRM Human Resource Management
ICPD International Conference on Population and Development
IDPs Internally Displaced Persons
IDPs Internally Displaced Peoples
IFC International Finance Corporation
ILS International Labour Standards
IMACC Inter-Ministerial Aid Coordination Committee
IMNCI Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness
INGOs International Non-governmental Organizations
IPV Inactivated Polio Vaccine
IQS Integrated Qur'anic Schools
ISCG Intersectoral Coordination Group
ISCM Intersectoral Coordination Meetings
IYCF [Infant, Young and Child Feeding]
JHNP Joint Health and Nutrition Program
JNA Joint Needs Assessment
JPLG Joint Program for Local Governments
KAPB Attitudes, Practices, and Beliefs
LDTs Land Dispute Tribunals
LIC Least Developed Country
LLIT Long Lasting Insecticide Treated
LMIS Labour Market Information System
LNGOs Local Non-governmental Organizations
LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LRC Law Reform Commission
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MIS Management Information System
MLA Measuring Learning Achievements
MoEHS Ministry of Education and Higher Studies
MoEM Ministry of Energy and Minerals
MoERD Ministry of Environment and Rural Development
MoJ Ministry of Justice
MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs
MoNPD Ministry of National Planning and Development
MoPWH&H Ministry of Public Works, Housing and Transport
MoT Modes of Transmission
MoTI Ministry of Trade and Investment
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MoTI Ministry of Trade and Investment
MoWR Ministry of Water Resources
MoYS Ministry of Youth and Sports
MPFs Multi Partner Funds
MPP Multi Partner Program
MPTFs Multi Partner Trust Funds
MSMEs Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MTBF Medium Term Budget Framework
MTMFF Medium Term Macroeconomic and Fiscal Framework
NACF National Aid Coordination Forum
NDP National Development Plan
NEC National Electoral Commission
NEP National Education Policy
NERAD National Environment Research and Disaster Preparedness Authority
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NHPC National Health Professions Commission
NPC National Planning Commission
NPC National Planning Commission
NYP National Youth Policy
ODA Official Development Assistance
ODI Overseas Development Institute
OECD Economic Cooperation and Development
PAC Public Accounts Committee
PAR Participatory Action Research
PFM Public Financial Management
PMTCT Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
PPP Public Private Partnership
PSDs Planning and Statistics Departments
PTR Pupil Teacher Ratio
PWD Persons with Disabilities
RBM Results Based Management
RDP Reconstruction and Development Plan
SDF Somaliland Development Fund
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SHEB Somaliland Health Examination Board
SLFMIS Somaliland Financial Management Information System
SMART Specific Measurable Assignable Realistic Time-bound
SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises
SOLNAC Somaliland National Aids Commission
SSA Somaliland Special Arrangement
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STI Sexually Transmitted Infectious
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