THE MORPHOLOGY OF MALAY by H. Abdullah A Thesis presented to the University of Edinburgh ...

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THE MORPHOLOGY OF MALAY
by
H. Abdullah
A Thesis presented to the University of Edinburgh
for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Faculty of Arts.
1972
CONTENTS
Contents
Summary
MIN 1001.11
Acknowledgements
1141110 AN.
Symbols and Abbreviations
xi
Caterl
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Malay Language - -- MONO- MONO- MONO- - -- 1
1.11 Austronesian Family - -- MONO- MONO- - -- 1
1.12 Development of Malay as a National Language MONO- - -- 1
1.2 Dialects and Styles - -- MONO- MONO- - -- 3
1.21 Regional and Official Dialects MONO- MONO- --- 3
1.22 Colloquial Malay MONO- MONO- MONO- - -- 4
1.23 Classical Malay MONO- MONO- MONO- MONO- - -- 5
1.24 Bazaar Malay MONO- - -- --- - -- - -- 5
1.3 Works on Malay MONO- MONO- MONO- MONO - - -- 6
- --
1.31 Old Studies MONO- MONO- MONO- MONO- 6
1.32 Recent Studies MONO- MONO- MONO- MONO- - -- 7
1.4 Brief Account of Malay Phonology and Orthography 9
1.41 Primary Phonemes MONO- MONO- MONO- MONO- --- 9
1. Vowels Ma, ON ON 9
2. Consonants 14
1.42 Secondary Phonemes 20
1.43 Orthography 21
1. Arabic System - -- 21
2. Romanized System 22
1.5 Brief Account of Malay Syntax MONO- MONO- - -- 24
1.51 Clause Structures - -- MONO- MONO- - -- 24
1. NP + V + NP -MONO MONO- MONO- MONO- - -- 24
i
ii
2. NP + V - -- --- - -- --- - -- 25
3. NP ( +V) + P + NP - -- - -- --- - -- 25
4. NP (+ Copula) (+ P) + NP - -- - -- - -- 26
1.52 Composite Sentences - -- - -- - -- 27
1. Compound Sentences - -- - -- - -_ _ -- 27
2. Complex Sentences - -- - -- - -- --- 28
---
1.53 Phrase Structures - -- - -- - -- - -- 29
1. Endocentric Phrases - -- - -- - -- - -- 29
2. Ex o ce ntric Phrases - -- - -- --- - -- 31
1.6 Brief Account of Malay Word Classes - -- - -- - -- 32
1.61 Word Classes - -- --- - -- --- - -- 32
1. Nominals - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 33
2. Verbals - -- - -- - -- - -- 35
- -- ---
3. Adverbials - -- - -- - -- 37
4. Particles - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 38
1.62 Grammatical Categories - -- - -- - -- - -- 41
1. Nominal Categories - -- - -- - -- - -- 41
2. Verbal Categories - -- - -_ _ NM' _ __VW 45
Chapter 2
UNITS AND PROCESSES OF MORPHOLOGY IN MALAY
2.1 Morphology --- - -- --- --- 49
2.11 Models of Description - -- - -- -__ 49
2.12 IA and IP - -- - -- - -- - -- IIMOMM 51
2.2 Units of Malay Morphology - -- - -- - -- 51
2.21 Morphemes and Morphs - -- - -- - -- 51
2.22 Words - -- - -- - -- - -- Imo es am 53
1. Word Types and Their Syllabic Structures --- 55
2. Modern Terminology - -- - -- - -- 56
2.3 Morphological Processes --- - -- --- 57
2.31 Affixation - -- - -- - -- - -- Or =lb Wm 57
1. Types of Affixes - -" - --- -m- 58
2. Layers of Affixation -m= a -- - -- 58
2.32 Reduplication - -- - -a e -T - -- - -- 58
1. Reduplication Proper -- - -- 59
2. Rhyming and Chiming _--- --- --m 60
2.33 Compounding - -- - -- 61
1. Endocentric Compounds - -- ® --s --- 61
2. Exocentric Compounds -- -, - -- 61
2.34 Mixed Constructions - -- _-- 62
2.4 Morphophonology - -- - -- mm- - -- --- 62
2.41 Reduplication - -- - -- - -m - -- 63
2.42 Nasalization - - -- - -- 65
2.43 Glottalization and Gliding 69
2.44 Roll Elision - -- --- -e- - -- 70
Chapter 3
NOMINALS
3.1 Introduction - -- --- - -- - -- 72
3.11 Inventory of Morphemes - -- 72
1. Nominal Roots - -- --_ - -T --- s -- 72
2. Nominal Affixes - -- 73
3.12 Nominal Constructions --- __- m_- 74
3.2 Affixation --- - -- 76
3.21 Subclass 10 - -- - -- --- - -_- 76
1. Affix 11:f-el-II - -- - -_ 77
2. Affix 12: {- tim -}1 - --- -- - -- 78
3. Affix 13 : { -er -}1 -- - -- 78
3.22 Subclass 20 - -- - -m - -- 79
1. Affix 21: {pa?'J -} - -- 79
2. Affix 22: {pa -} - -- 82
3. Affix 23: {lea -}1 --- - 84
iv
4. Affix 24 : {pra -} 85
3.23 Subclass 30 86
OP OD AO
1. Affix 31:{ -Gan }1 86
2. Affix 32: {-man} 90
3. Affix 33:{-wan} 91
4. Affix 34: { -is} 92
3.24 Subclass 40 - -- 93
3.3 Reduplication - -- 95
3.31 Reduplication Proper 95
3.32 Rhyming and Chiming 97
1. Rhyming WINO IND 97
2. Chiming ale AM 98
3.4 Compounding Mir 99
3.41 Endocentric Compounds 99
1. Syntactically Endocentric Compounds 100
2. Asyntactically Endocentric Compounds 100
3.42 Exocentric Compounds - -- - ®- 101
1. Syntactically Exocentric Compounds 101
2. Semantically Exocentric Compounds 102
iAAter 4
,C
VERBALB
4.1 Introduction - -- - -- 103
4.11 Inventory of Morphemes 103
1. Verbal Roots - -- 103
2. Verbal Affixes 104
4.12 Verbal Constructions 107
4.2 Affix Class 100 - -- 109
4.21 Subclass 110 - -- 110
1. Affix 111: { -el -}2 110
2. Affix 112: { -er- }2 111
v
2. Affix 113: { -am -}2 - -- - -- --- --- 113
4.22 Subclass 120 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 113
1. Affix 121 : {Rful1 }1 - -- - -- - -- - -- 115
2. Affix 122: ¡Rhyming} - -- - -- - -- - -- 116
- --
3. Affix 123: {Chiming} - -- - -- - -- 118
4.23 Subclass 130 - -- - -- - -- - -- --- 121
1. Affix 131 : {sa -}1 - -- - -- - -- - -- 121
2. Affix 132: {ka -}2 - -- - -- - -- - -- 122
4.24 Subclass 140 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 123
4.25 Subclass 150 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 125
4.3 Affix Class 200 --- - -- - -- --- - -- 127
4.31 Subclass 210 - -- - -- - -- - -- --- 127
4.32 Subclass 220 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 132
1. Affix 221: { -kan} - -- - -- - -- - -- 132
2. Affix 222: { -i} - -- - -- - -- - -- 134
4.4 Affix Class 300 - -- --- - -- - -- - -- 137
4.41 Subclass 310 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 138
4.42 Subclass 320 - -- - -- --- - -- - -- 141
4.43 Subclass 330 - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- 146
4.44 Subclass 340 - -- --- --- - -- - -- 149
4.5 Compounding - -- - -- -- - --- - -- 152
4.51 Endocentric Compounds - -- --- - -- --- 152
1. Syntactically Endocentric Compounds - -- - -- 152
2. Asyntactically Endocentric Compounds - -- - -- 153
4.52 Exocentric Compounds - -- - -- - -- - -- 153
1. Syntactically Exocentric Compounds - -- - -- 154
2. Semantically Exocentric Compounds - -- - -- 155
Chapter 5
ADVERBIALS
5.1 Introduction ___ ___ 156
vi
5.11 Inventory of Morphemes woes- woes- woes- - -- 156
1. Adverbial Roots woes- -woes --- - -- 156
2. Adverbial Affixes -__ - -- ---- - -- 156
5.12 Adverbial Constructions - -- - -- - -- - -- 157
5.2 Affixation woes- woes- woes- --_ 158
5.21 Subclass 410 - -- --_ --- -_- - -- 158
1. Affix 411 : { -el -}3 --- _ -- - -- --- 158
2. Affix 412: { -am -}3 - -- --- --- --- 159
3. Affix 413: { -en -} - -- woes- -_- --- 159
5.22 Subclass 420 - -- - -- - -- woes- woes_ 159
5.23 Subclass 430 - -- - -- -woes --.- -_- 159
5.24 Subclass 440 - -- -woes- - -- - -- woes- 160
5.3 Compounding -"- - -- woes- 161
5.31 Endocentric Compounds - -- woes- --- - -- 161
5.32 Exocentric Compounds -woes woes- woes- woes- 162
Chapter 6
PARTICLES
6.1 Introduction - -- -woes woes- -A._ woes- 163
6.11 Inventory of Morphemes - -- --- - -- 163
---
6.2 Structure and Distribution woes- --- - -- woes- 163
6.21 Numerals - -- --- - -- _woes _woes 164
6.22 Quantifiers woes- -_- woes- woes- woes- 164
6.23 Affirmative --- ---- - -- - -- 165
6.24 Negatives -__ woes- WOW.. - woes- 165
6.25 Interrogatives woes- woes- woes- woes- - -- 166
6.26 Prepositions woes- woes_ woes- woes- woes- 166
6.27 Conjunctions - -- --- --- - -- woes- 167
6.28 Emphatics -woes- - -- woes- woes- -woes 167
6.29 Interjections -_- woes- --- --- --- 168
vii
APPENDIX 1: Noun Roots (Free) - -- - -- - --- - -- 169
APPENDIX 2: Noun Roots (Bound) - - -- --- - -.. 239
APPENDIX 3: Pronominal Roots - -- - -- --- - -- 241
APPENDIX 4: Classifiers - -- --- - -- - del e 242
APPENDIX 5: Transitive Verbal Roots (Free) - -- -_- 245
APPENDIX 6: Transitive Verbal Roots (Bound) -_- 273
APPENDIX 7: Dynamic Intransitive Verbal Roots (Free) - -- 275
APPENDIX 8: Dynamic Intransitive Verbal Roots (Bound) - 284
APPENDIX 9: Stative Intransitive Verbal Roots (Free) - -- 293
APPENDIX 10: Stative Intransitive Verbal Roots (Bound) - -- 321
APPENDIX 11: Copula - -- - -- - -- _ -_ -"- 322
APPENDIX 12: Adverbial Roots - -- - -- - -- - -- 323
APPENDIX 13: Particles ---- - -- - -- - -- - -- 327
APPENDIX 14: Number of Derived Word-Forms -_-- - -- 332
Table A: Nominals --- - -- -_- _ -_ 332
Table B: Verbals - -- - -- --- - -- --- 333
Table C: Adverbials - -- - -- --- -_- 334
Table D: Particles - -- --- - -- --- 335
APPENDIX 15: Modern Literary Works Used as Material ---- 336
BIBLIOGRAPHY - -- - -- -__ - -- - -- 338
SUMMARY
This thesis has been written in six chapters. Chapter 1, the
Introduction, is intended to give the reader, in as general and concise a
form as possible, sufficient information about Malay for him to be able to
follow the analysis of the morphology of the language which is undertaken
in the subsequent chapters. The Introduction thus includes, in addition
to a discussion of the place of the National Language in relation to other
styles and dialects, a brief account of its phonology and syntax.
Chapter 2 provides the theoretical framework within which the
morphology of Malay has been described. The units of morphology,
'morphemes' and 'words', are here defined, as also are the relevant
morphological processes: affixation, reduplication and compounding.
Allomorphic variation plays little part in Malay and, as demonstrated, can
be dealt with satisfactorily by a few general rules.
The derivation of nominal word -forms is described in Chapter 3.
Simple, or root, nominals (as well as roots belonging to other classes) are
fully listed in the appendices - but complex, reduplicated and compound
forms are treated within the chapter.
Chapter 4 describes the morphology of verbal word -forms.
Generally speaking, verbals are more complex because there are three
different classes of affixes involved: Intransitive (100), Transitive
(200), and Voice (300). They may occur in up to three layers in one
construction. The process of reduplication in the verbals, must be
ordered before affixation (except with respect to affixes of Subclass 110
which are unproductive and derive forms that behave exactly like roots
with respect to further morphological processes). Compounds are mostly
composed of two constituent forms, which may be combined endocentrically
or exocontrically.
viii
ix
The adverbials are described in Chapter 5. They constitute only
a small word class, and in all respects (with regard to affixation,
reduplication and compounding) they resemble the verbals. They are treated
exhaustively within the chapter.
Chapter 6 deals with the remainder of the words m particles.
Being a residual class, it is heterogeneous in nature. There are nine
different subclasses, each of which is small in number. The members of
all nine subclasses are fully listed in appendix 13. There are two
particles that may be reduplicated, and a few that may enter into compounds.
Otherwise the particles are not subject to morphological processes. Most
of them occur in their root forms as free (full) forms, satellitics, or
clitics.
The thesis contains a set of rather lengthy appendices. These
serve two purposes: (1) to list the root morphemes of each form class
without putting long lists in the main body of the work; and (2) to list
all the word -forms that may be derived by means of the productive affixes.
This information given in the appendices forms an integral part of the
thesis. Each of some 5,000 different roots is coded according to the
morphological constructions into which it may enter. To the best of my
knowledge most of this information, which is based upon the results of my
own investigation, is nowhere else available, though some of it may also
be extracted from the Malay National Language Dictionary (cf. Iskandar,
1970). It is primarily upon the provision of this detailed information
that this dissertation bases its claim to originality.