The Long-Term Economic and Ecologic Impact of Larger Sustainable Aquaculture

100 Pages·2014·2.29 MB·English

DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES
POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES
FISHERIES
THE LONG-TERM ECONOMIC AND
ECOLOGIC IMPACT OF LARGER
SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE
STUDY
This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Fisheries.
AUTHORS
Alistair Lane, European Aquaculture Society (EAS)
Courtney Hough, Federation of European Aquaculture Producers (FEAP)
John Bostock, University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture (UoS).
ASSISTANCE WITH DATA ANALYSIS
Koji Yamamoto, University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture (UoS)
ASSISTANCE THROUGH PEER REVIEW
Francis Murray, University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture (UoS)
Trevor Telfer, University of Stirling Institute of Aquaculture (UoS)
RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR
Rafael Centenera
Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies
European Parliament
B-1047 Brussels
E-mail: [email protected]
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE
Virginija Kelmelytė
LINGUISTIC VERSIONS
Original: EN
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to:
[email protected]
Manuscript completed in October 2014.
© European Union, 2014.
This document is available on the Internet at:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies
DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do
not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament.
Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorized, provided the
source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES
POLICY DEPARTMENT B: STRUCTURAL AND COHESION POLICIES
FISHERIES
The Long-Term Economic and Ecologic
Impact of Larger Sustainable
Aquaculture
STUDY
Abstract
The EU recognises aquaculture as an important contributor to the EU
food basket and this study provides insights into the economic and
ecological implications of increased EU aquaculture. Current production,
classified by technology and by sector, is transposed into forecasts up to
2030 that identify the main future technologies, trends and sectoral
challenges. An ecological impact assessment matrix is used to compare
production systems. Feed requirements are presented, with observations
on how these might impact EU fisheries. Public support and policy
considerations are discussed.
IP/B/PECH/IC/2013_162 October 2014
PE 529.084 EN

The Long-Term Economic and Ecologic Impact of Larger Sustainable Aquaculture
Contents
List of tables 9
List of figures 10
Executive summary 11
1. EU AQUACULTURE TODAY AND THE CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE
ROBUST GROWTH 17
1.1. Current status of EU aquaculture production 17
1.1.1. Finfish production 19
1.1.2. Shellfish production 23
1.1.3. Production of algae and other species 23
1.2. Production technologies and their attributes 24
1.3. EU production by technology 28
1.3.1. Finfish production 28
1.3.2. Shellfish production 32
1.3.3. Production of algae and other species 33
1.4. Challenges for growth 34
2. THE CONSEQUENCES OF A LARGER AQUACULTURE SECTOR 39
2.1. Growth scenarios for species groups 40
2.1.1. Finfish production 40
2.1.2. Shellfish production 44
2.1.3. Production of Algae and other species 44
2.2. National multiannual strategic plans for aquaculture development 44
2.3. Protein and oil sources for aquaculture feeds 45
2.3.1. The use of marine ingredients in aquaculture feeds 45
2.3.2. Fishmeal substitution 50
2.3.3. Fish oil substitution 52
2.3.4. Ecological implications of aquaculture feeds 53
2.4. Ecological impact of current and future production technologies 55
2.4.1. Definitions and approach 55
2.4.2. Identification of appraisal criteria 56
2.5. Impacts of an enlarged aquaculture sector on fisheries 62
2.5.1. EU28 fisheries for fishmeal and oil production 62
2.5.2. The utilisation of fishmeal and fish oil by the European aquaculture
industry65
2.5.3. Effect of future growth in European aquaculture on demand for raw
materials from fisheries 66
2.5.4. Effect of fisheries on aquaculture 68
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Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies
3. PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AND PUBLIC SUPPORT
TO THE SECTOR 71
3.1. Economic performance of components of the aquaculture sector 71
3.2. Public support to technologies and/or species 72
3.3. Where should public funding be directed? 75
4. CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY
MEASURES 77
4.1. Specific and important measures of the CFP 78
4.1.1. Sustainability 78
4.1.2. Governance 79
4.1.3. Protective Measures 80
4.1.4. Issues to resolve 80
4.2. How public policies affect the development of sectoral components
of aquaculture 80
4.3. How key European policies affect aquaculture 82
4.4. SME operations and needs 83
4.4.1. Coldwater marine fish species 84
4.4.2. Warmwater marine fish species 84
4.4.3. Freshwater fish species 84
4.5. Policy recommendations 85
4.5.1. Strategic Guidelines 85
4.5.2. The Data Collection Framework 85
4.5.3. Environment 85
4.5.4. Health and Welfare 86
4.5.5. Calculation of the Fisheries Fund (for aquaculture) 86
4.5.6. Governance 86
References 87
Annex 91
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The Long-Term Economic and Ecologic Impact of Larger Sustainable Aquaculture
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ANF Anti-Nutritional Factor
APR Annual Percentage Rate
ASC Aquaculture Stewardship Council
B2B Business to Business
CCRF (FAO) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
CWP Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
DCF Data Collection Framework
EATiP European Aquaculture Technology and Innovation Platform
EcIA Ecological Impact Assessment
EFF European Fisheries Fund
EIA Enviromental Impact Assessment
EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
FEAP Federation of European Aquaculture Producers
FIFO Fish-in Fish-Out ratio
FLAGS Fisheries Local Action Groups
GMO Genetically Modified Organism
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IFFO International Fish Meal and Fish Oil Organisation - now called the
Marine Ingredients Organisation
IFFO RS IFFO Global Standard for Responsible Supply
KBBE (European) Knowledge Based Bio-Economy
LC-n3-PUFA Long Chain omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
PAP Processed Animal Protein
RAS Recirculating Aquaculture System
RTD Research and Technological Development
SME Small and Medium sized Enterprise
UoS University of Stirling (Institute of Aquaculture)
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Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies
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