The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Exploration of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566-1568

382 Pages·2005·24.76 MB·English

by  Charles Hudson

The Juan PardoExpeditions
With Documents Relating to the Pardo Expeditions
Transcribed, Translated, and Annotated by Paul E. Hoffman
The Juan Pardo Expeditions
Explorations of the Carolinas and
Tennessee, 1566-1568
Charles Hudson
Afterword by David G. Moore, RobinA. Beck Jr., and
Christopher B. Rodning
The UniversityofAlabama Press
Tuscaloosa
Copyright© 1990CharlesHudson
PrefaceandAfterwordcopyright©2005TheUniversityofAlabamaPress
Tuscaloosa,Alabama35487-0380
All rightsreserved
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
OriginallypublishedbySmithsonianInstitutionPress
CoverdesignbyErinBradleyDangar
TimesNewRoman
00
Thepaperonwhichthisbookisprintedmeetstheminimumrequirementsof
AmericanNationalStandardforInformationScience-PermanenceofPaperfor
PrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSIZ39.48-1984.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Hudson,CharlesM.
TheJuanPardoexpeditions: explorationoftheCarolinasandTennessee,
1566-1568,/CharlesHudson;withdocumentsrelatingtothePardoexpeditions
transcribed,translated,andannotatedbyPaulE. Hoffman;prefacetotherevised
editionbyCharlesHudson;afterwordbyDavidG. Moore,RobinA. BeckJr.,and
ChristopherB. Rodning.- Rev. ed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-8173-5190-6(pbk. :alk.paper)
1. CatawbaIndians-History-16thcentury.2. Pardo,Juan, 16thcent.
3. Explorers-SouthernStates-Biography.4. America-Discoveryand
exploration-Spanish.5. SouthernStates-History. I.Hoffman,PaulE., 1943
II.Title.
E99.C24.P3742005
975'.01-dc22
2004020693
iv
Contents
Illustrations vii
Prefaceto2005Edition ix
PrefacetoFirstEdition xi
PartI TheJuanPardoExpeditions
1 EarlySpanish Exploration 3
2 Juan Pardo'sTwo Expeditions 23
Pardo'sFirstExpedition: December1,1566toMarch7,1567
Moyano'sForay:April 1567
Pardo'sSecondExpedition: September1,1567toMarch2,1568
3 The Indians 51
TheMississippianTransformation
SocialStructureofChiefdomsintheCarolinasandTennessee
Polities,Cultures,Languages
Cofitachequi
Joara
Guatari
TheCherokees
Coosa
EconomicPatterns
4 The FoundationsofGreaterFlorida 125
OutfittingtheSecondExpedition
v
TheRoadtoZacatecas
DugoutCanoes
PacifyingtheIndians
TheHousestheIndiansBuilt
TheFortstheSpaniardsBuilt
TheMissionaries
ProspectingforPreciousMetalsandGems
5 The Failure ofGreaterFlorida 169
MisconceptionsabouttheLandandtheIndians
TheFailureoftheForts
TheShrinkingofFlorida
TheDeclineandCoalescenceoftheIndians
LosDiamantesandLaGranCopala
PartII ThePardoDocuments
The "Long" BanderaRelation:AGI, SantoDomingo224 205
The "Short" BanderaRelation:AGI, Patronato19,R. 20 297
The PardoRelation:AGI, Patronato19,R.22(document1) 305
TheMartinezRelation:AGI, Patronato19,R. 22(document2) 317
ThreeNewDocumentsfromthePardoExpeditions:AGI, Contrataci6n
2929No.2, R. 7 323
PartIII Afterword
Pardo, Joara, andFortSanJuanRevisited 343
DavidG. Moore,RobinA. BeckJr.,andChristopherB.Rodning
Index 351
Errata 363
AbouttheAuthors 365
vi
Illustrations
I. Early European explorationofNorth America. 7
2. EasternportionoftherouteoftheHernandodeSotoexpedition(1539-40)and
the route ofthe Tristan de Lunaexpedition (1559-6I). 9
3. JuanPardo'sfirstexpedition(December1566toMarch7, 1567)andHernando
Moyano's foray (Spring 1567). 24
4. Page one ofJuan de la Bandera's "long relation." 30
5. The signature page ofJuan de la Bandera's "short relation." 31
6. TownsandlocationsofJuanPardo'ssecondexpedition(September I, 1567,to
March 2, 1568). 33
7· Zimmennan's Island. 37
8. Social honor accorded a sixteenth-century Timucuan chief. 54
9. FormalorderofmarchassumedbytheTimucuanchiefHolataOutinaembark-
ing on a military expedition. 56
10. The mound at the Town Creek site near Mt. Gilead, North Carolina. 57
1I. Defensive palisade around the Town Creek site. 57
12. The bride ofa Timucuan chiefcarried on a litter. 64
13. Some late prehistoric/early historic archaeological phases and sites, with se-
lected historic Indian towns. 69
14· SociogramofCofitachequi and its hinterland. 75
15. SociogramofSanta Elena and its hinterland. 80
16. A four-sided Pisgah phase house floor. 85
17. SociogramofJoara and its hinterland. 89
18. Acircular house floor at the UpperSauratown site (3ISkla). 92
19. Timucuan male transvestites carrying packbaskets offood. 99
20. Sociogram ofCoosa and its hinterland. 104
21. Timucuan Indians transporting food in a dugout canoe. 133
vii
22. The murder of the Frenchman Pierre Gambie by Timucuan Indians. 136
23. Wedge and chisel from Santa Elena. 137
24. Knives from SantaElena. 138
25. Spherical turquoise blue glass beads from the Hampton site, Rhea County,
Tennessee. 139
26. Gilded metal ball button from Santa Elena. 140
27. Conch shell drinking cup from the Hixon site, Hamilton County, Ten-
nessee. 141
28. Indians dressed in matchcoats. 142
29. Senkaitschi, the Yuchi "king." 143
30. Forts built by Pardo and houses built by the Indians on the "road to
Zacatecas." 144
31. WattleanddaubconstructioninareconstructedhouseattheTownCreeksite,
N.orth Carolina. 145
32. Reconstructed house at the Town Creek site, North Carolina. 145
33. Reconstructed corncrib at the Chucalissa site, Memphis, Tennessee. 146
34. A harquebusier with a lighted matchcord. 147
35. Devils carrying away a naked Indian. 154
36. Freshwater pearls from the Hixon site, Hamilton County, Tennessee. 157
37. How the Indians were reputed to have extracted gold from streams in the
"Apalatcy Mountains." 158
38. Quartzcrystals from the Toqua site, Monroe County, Tennessee. 161
39. Cut micadiscs from Cofitachequi. 162
40. Native copperax from Long Island, Roane County, Tennessee. 163
41. Sixteenth-century Spanish misconceptions about the geography of North
America. 171
42. Timucuan warriors desecrating theirenemy dead. 178
43. Locations and movements of certain Southeastern Indians ca. 1700. 186
viii Illustrations
Preface to 2005 Edition
Themainbodyofthetextofthis revisededitionis unaltered.Alistof
erratafrom thehardcovereditionisappended. New tothiseditionis
anafterwordbyDavidMoore,RobinBeck,andChristopherRodning
brieflysummarizingresearchonthe Berry siteanditsidentificationasthe
probablesiteofJoara.Alsonew isanindex, regrettablyomittedinthe
hardcoveredition.
ResearchontheBerrysitehaslocatedthesiteofJoarasome20
milesorsonortheastofwheremycolleaguesandIinitially locatedit.
AsRobinBeckrealizedinhis 1997articleinSoutheasternArchaeology
6(2):162-69,this new locationforJoaramakesforalterationsin boththe
SotoandPardoroutesas weinitiallyunderstoodthem.
ItmeansthatSototravelednotwestfrom Joara, butnorthwest,
crossingthe mountains toreachthe upperNolichucky River. Hence,
Guasili andCanasogaonthe mapatfig. 2, p. 9ofthis presentbookshould
bemovedtothe Nolichucky River.
Iargueinthis bookthatMoyanotravelednorthwestfrom Joara
viatheToeRivertotheupperNolichuckyRivertoattackthe Chiscas,
whereas Beckargues thatMoyanotraveled moretothenorthand
encounteredtheChiscasatthesalinesatornearpresentSaltville,Virginia.
Thisdirectionoftravel is plausible,thoughwhatis proposedisalong
distancefor Moyanotohavetraveled. Moreover,theChiscasaresopoorly
describedinthedocuments-isChiscaatownoraclusteroftowns,oris it
anativelinguistic,cultural,orsocialcategory?- thatIthinkitprudent
ix