Table Of ContentPalgrave Studies in European Union Politics
Edited by: Michelle Egan, American University USA, Neill Nugent, Manchester Metropolitan
University, UK and William Paterson OBE, University of Aston, UK.
Editorial Board: Christopher Hill, Cambridge, UK, Simon Hix, London School of Economics,
UK, Mark Pollack, Temple University, USA, Kalypso Nicolaïdis, Oxford UK, Morten Egeberg,
University of Oslo, Norway, Amy Verdun, University of Victoria, Canada, Claudio M. Radaelli,
University of Exeter, UK, Frank Schimmelfennig, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Switzerland
Following on the sustained success of the acclaimed European Union Series, which essentially pub-
lishes research-based textbooks, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics publishes cutting edge
research-driven monographs.
The remit of the series is broadly defined, both in terms of subject and academic discipline. All
topics of significance concerning the nature and operation of the European Union potentially fall
within the scope of the series. The series is multidisciplinary to reflect the growing importance of
the EU as a political, economic and social phenomenon.
Titles include:
Jens Blom-Hansen
THE EU COMITOLOGY SYSTEM IN THEORY AND PRACTICE
Keeping an Eye on the Commission?
Oriol Costa and Knud Erik Jørgensen (editors)
THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE EU
When Multilateralism hits Brussels
Falk Daviter
POLICY FRAMING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Renaud Dehousse (editor)
THE ‘COMMUNITY METHOD’
Obstinate or Obsolete?
Kenneth Dyson and Angelos Sepos (editors)
WHICH EUROPE?
The Politics of Differentiated Integration
Michelle Egan, Neill Nugent, and William E. Paterson (editors)
RESEARCH AGENDAS IN EU STUDIES
Stalking the Elephant
Kevin Featherstone and Dimitris Papadimitriou
THE LIMITS OF EUROPEANIZATION
Reform Capacity and Policy Conflict in Greece
David J. Galbreath and Joanne McEvoy
THE EUROPEAN MINORITY RIGHTS REGIME
Towards a Theory of Regime Effectiveness
Roy H. Ginsberg and Susan E. Penska
THE EUROPEAN UNION IN GLOBAL SECURITY
The Politics of Impact
Eva Gross
THE EUROPEANIZATION OF NATIONAL FOREIGN POLICY
Continuity and Change in European Crisis Management
Adrienne Héritier and Martin Rhodes (editors)
NEW MODES OF GOVERNANCE IN EUROPE
Governing in the Shadow of Hierarchy
Wolfram Kaiser, Brigitte Leucht, and Michael Gehler
TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS IN REGIONAL INTEGRATION
Governing Europe 1945–83
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Hussein Kassim and Handley Stevens
AIR TRANSPORT AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
Europeanization and its Limits
Robert Kissack
PURSUING EFFECTIVE MULTILATERALISM
The European Union, International Organizations and the Politics of Decision Making
Xymena Kurowska and Fabian Breuer (editors)
EXPLAINING THE EU’S COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY
Theory in Action
Karl-Oskar Lindgren and Thomas Persson
PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE IN THE EU
Enhancing or Endangering Democracy and Efficiency?
Philomena Murray (editor)
EUROPE AND ASIA
Regions in Flux
Daniel Naurin and Helen Wallace (editors)
UNVEILING THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Games Governments Play in Brussels
Sebastiaan Princen
AGENDA-SETTING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Emmanuelle Schon-Quinlivan
REFORMING THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Roger Scully and Richard Wyn Jones (editors)
EUROPE, REGIONS AND EUROPEAN REGIONALISM
Mitchell P. Smith (editor)
EUROPE AND NATIONAL ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION
The EU after the Lisbon Decade
Asle Toje
AFTER THE POST-COLD WAR
The European Union as a Small Power
Richard G. Whitman and Stefan Wolff (editors)
THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE
Context, Implementation and Impact
Richard G. Whitman (editor)
NORMATIVE POWER EUROPE
Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives
Sarah Wolff
THE MEDITERRANEAN DIMENSION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S INTERNAL SECURITY
Jan Wouters, Hans Bruyninckx, Sudeshna Basu and Simon Schunz (editors)
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND MULTILATERAL GOVERNANCE
Assessing EU Participation in United Nations Human Rights and Environmental Fora
Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9511–7 (hardback) and
ISBN 978–1–4039–9512–4 (paperback)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order.
Please contact your bookseller or, in case of diffi culty, write to us at the address below
with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above.
Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills,
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The Influence of
International Institutions
on the EU
When Multilateralism hits Brussels
Edited by
Oriol Costa
Lecturer in International Relations Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
and
Knud Erik Jørgensen
Professor of International Relations University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion © Oriol Costa
and Knud Erik Jørgensen 2012
All remaining chapters © respective authors 2012
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
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ISBN 978–0–230–31448–1
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
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Contents
List of Tables and Figures ix
Notes on Contributors x
Preface and Acknowledgements xiv
List of Abbreviations xvi
1 The Influence of International Institutions on the EU:
A Framework for Analysis 1
Oriol Costa and Knud Erik Jørgensen
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The causes and consequences of the influence 3
1.3 Measuring the influence 10
1.4 Contents of the book 12
2 Less Than You Might Think: The Impact of WTO
Rules on EU Policies 23
Alasdair R. Young
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Inconvenient obligations and policy change: a focus
for analysis 24
2.3 The WTO: a particularly appropriate international
institution for analysis 25
2.4 The absence of WTO influence in the EU
policy-making literature 26
2.5 Revealing influence through three ‘unlikely cases’ 27
2.6 Assessment: less influence than you might think 35
3 Playing into the Hands of the Commission?
The Case of EU Coordination in the ILO 42
Marianne Riddervold and Helene Sjursen
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 From national to European policy 43
3.3 Playing into the hands of the Commission? 44
3.4 Learning on the basis of arguments 49
3.5 Conclusion 55
4 The External Institutional Context Matters: The EU
in International Negotiations 58
Tom Delreux, Edith Drieskens, Bart Kerremans and Chad Damro
4.1 Introduction 58
v
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vi Contents
4.2 The EU in the international competition network:
avoiding politicization 61
4.3 The EU in the World Trade Organization: calibrating a
fait accompli 63
4.4 The EU in international environmental negotiations:
transmitting external compellingness 66
4.5 The EU in the UN Security Council: hiding behind
external slippage 69
4.6 Conclusions 72
5 The Influence of International Institutions on Access to
Justice in Environmental Matters in the EU and its
Member States 76
Anne Wetzel
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 The research puzzle 77
5.3 Historical institutionalism 79
5.4 Access to justice in environmental matters in EU legislation 81
5.5 International developments 82
5.6 The impact of the Aarhus Convention on the EU acquis
on access to justice in environmental matters 87
5.7 Conclusions 89
6 The Influence of Global Internet Governance
Institutions on the EU 96
George Christou and Seamus Simpson
6.1 Introduction 96
6.2 The EU and the evolution of global Internet governance 97
6.3 ICANN and the dot eu top level domain 101
6.4 The Internet governance forum 104
6.5 Conclusion 108
7 Combating the Financing of Terrorism Together?
The Influence of the United Nations on the European
Union’s Financial Sanctions Regime 111
Sarah Léonard and Christian Kaunert
7.1 Introduction 111
7.2 The EU’s financial sanctions regime 113
7.3 The influence of the UN over the EU’s financial
sanctions regime 116
7.4 Explaining the influence of the UN over the EU’s financial
sanctions regime 121
7.5 A brake on the UN’s influence over the EU’s financial
sanction regime: the role of the European courts 123
7.6 Conclusion 127
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Contents vii
8 Linking Up Levels of Governance: Agencies of the
European Union and their Interaction with International
Institutions 135
Martijn Groenleer
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 B eyond legislative decision-making: agencies of the
European Union 137
8.3 D escribing the interaction between EU agencies and
international institutions 139
8.4 E xplaining the interaction among EU agencies and
international institutions 142
8.5 C onsequences of the interaction between EU agencies and
international institutions 146
8.6 Conclusion 149
9 NATO’s Influence on the Evolution of the European
Union as a Security Actor 155
Joachim A. Koops
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 U npacking NATO-EU relations: levels of analysis,
domains of influence 156
9.3 A ssessing NATO’s influence as a model:
1999–2003/2004 158
9.4 A ssessing NATO’s influence as an enabler:
1999–2003/2004 168
9.5 NATO’s role as a competitor and ‘other’: 2003–11 174
9.6 Conclusions 179
10 The Influence of the Council of Europe on the European
Union: Resource Exchange and Domain Restriction as
Venues for Inter-Institutional Influence 186
Barbara Schumacher
10.1 Introduction 186
10.2 T he European Union and the Council of Europe: a
shaky tandem 187
10.3 I nfluence through resource exchange: the European
Neighbourhood Policy 189
10.4 I nfluence through domain restriction: The Fundamental
Rights Agency 196
10.5 Conclusion: the strength of weak institutions 202
11 How Do International Institutions Influence the EU?
Advances and Challenges 207
Xinyuan Dai and Gina Martinez
11.1 Introduction 207
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viii Contents
11.2 Effects of international institutions 208
11.3 Contributing to the study of international institutions 212
11.4 T he open agenda on the effects of international
institutions 224
12 The Top-Down Dimension of the Relationship between
the EU and International Institutions: Taking Stock 228
Robert Kissack
12.1 Introduction 228
12.2 I nfluence through institutional strength and domestic
decision making 229
12.3 Summary of major findings 240
12.4 Wider relevance: dialogue with the literature 242
12.5 Future research 245
13 When Multilateralism Hits Brussels: Generalizations
and an Agenda for Further Research 248
Knud Erik Jørgensen and Oriol Costa
13.1 Introduction 248
13.2 What the influence is not 249
13.3 T he (limited) explanatory power of independent
variables 251
13.4 The key role of facilitating factors 253
13.5 Conclusion 255
Index 258
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List of Tables and Figures
Tables
1.1 D istribution of international institutions along the two
major independent variables 13
2.1 K ey features of selected cases 30
4.1 S ummary of the cases, division of competences, agent and
agent strategy 61
5.1 C hanges in EU legislation regarding access to justice in
environmental matters in order to implement obligations
from the Aarhus Convention (Article 9.3) 77
8.1 E U agencies and their main international counterparts 138
9.1 M ulti-level analysis of NATO’s influence as model, enabler
and competitor 157
9.2 O verview of key findings: NATO’s influence on the
European Union 181
13.1 The dependent variable along the two independent variables 251
Figures
8.1 EU agencies linking up levels of governance 148
ix
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