The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives

409 Pages·2007·3.67 MB·English

by  Patrick Vinton Kirch

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Th e Growth and Collapse
of Pacifi c Island Societies
Kirch000.fm i 3/13/07 8:32:09 AM
Kirch000.fm ii 3/13/07 8:32:09 AM
Th e Growth and
Collapse of Pacifi c
Island Societies
Archaeological and
Demographic Perspectives
Patrick V. Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu,
Editors
University of Hawai‘i Press | Honolulu
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©2007 University of Hawai‘i Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
12 11 10 09 08 07 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Th e growth and collapse of Pacifi c island societies :
archaeological and demographic perspectives /
Patrick V. Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8248-3134-9 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Ethnology — Oceania. 2. Ethnology — Hawaii.
3. First contact of aboriginal peoples with Westerners —
Oceania. 4. First contact of aboriginal peoples with
Westerners — Hawaii. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)
— Oceania. 6. Excavations (Archaeology) — Hawaii.
7. Oceania — Population — History. 8. Hawaii —
Population — History. 9. Oceania — Antiquities.
10. Hawaii — Antiquities. I. Kirch, Patrick Vinton.
II. Rallu, Jean-Louis.
GN662.G76 2007
306.0995 — dc22 2006034505
University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-
free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and
durability of the Council on Library Resources.
Designed by April Leidig-Higgins
Printed by Th e Maple Vail Book Manufacturing Group
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Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures xi
Preface xv
1 Patrick V. Kirch and Jean-Louis Rallu
Long-Term Demographic Evolution in the Pacifi c Islands
Issues, Debates, and Challenges 1
2 Jean-Louis Rallu
Pre- and Post-Contact Population in Island Polynesia
Can Projections Meet Retrodictions? 15
3 Shripad Tuljapurkar, Charlotte Lee, and Michelle Figgs
Demography and Food in Early Polynesia 35
4 Patrick V. Kirch
“Like Shoals of Fish”
Archaeology and Population in Pre-Contact Hawai‘i 52
5 Thegn N. Ladefoged and Michael W. Graves
Modeling Agricultural Development and
Demography in Kohala, Hawai‘i 70
6 Patrick V. Kirch
Paleodemography in Kahikinui, Maui
An Archaeological Approach 90
7 Ross Cordy
Reconstructing Hawaiian Population at European Contact
Th ree Regional Case Studies 108
8 Brenda K. Hamilton and Jennifer G. Kahn
Pre-Contact Population in the ‘Opunohu Valley, Mo‘orea
An Integrated Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Approach 129
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9 Eric Conte and Tamara Maric
Estimating the Population of Hokatu Valley, Ua Huka Island
(Marquesas, French Polynesia) According to the Archaeological
Remains 160
10 David V. Burley
Archaeological Demography and Population Growth in the
Kingdom of Tonga
950 BC to the Historic Era 177
11 Roger C. Green
Protohistoric Samoan Population 203
12 Valerie J. Green and Roger C. Green
An Accent on Atolls in Approaches to Population Histories
of Remote Oceania 232
13 J. Stephen Athens
Prehistoric Population Growth on Kosrae, Eastern Caroline
Islands 257
14 Matthew Spriggs
Population in a Vegetable Kingdom
Aneityum Island (Vanuatu) at European Contact in 1830 278
15 Christophe Sand, Jacques Bole, and A. Ouetcho
What were the Real Numbers? Th e Question of Pre-Contact
Population Densities in New Caledonia 306
16 Patrick V. Kirch
Concluding Remarks
Methods, Measures, and Models in Pacifi c Paleodemography 326
References 339
List of Contributors 375
Index 377
vi ✴ Contents
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List of Tables
11 Table 1.1. Hypothesized demographic correlates of early and late
populations in Polynesia.
26 Table 2.1. Death rate in epidemic years.
28 Table 2.2. Natural growth rate by islands and valleys in the Marquesas.
31 Table 2.3. Population density in the Society and Cook Islands in the
nineteenth century.
82 Table 5.1. Th e distribution of C-shape features in relation to makai
and mauka zones.
82 Table 5.2. Th e distribution of enclosure features in relation to makai
and mauka zones.
82 Table 5.3. Th e distribution of platform/pavement/terrace features in
relation to makai and mauka zones.
84 Table 5.4. Th e distribution of domestic features in relation to expansion
and intensifi cation zones.
84 Table 5.5. Th e distribution of C-shape features in relation to expansion
and intensifi cation zones.
84 Table 5.6. Th e distribution of enclosure features in relation to expansion
and intensifi cation zones.
84 Table 5.7. Th e distribution of platform/pavement/terrace features in
relation to expansion and intensifi cation zones.
85 Table 5.8. Th e distribution of domestic features in relation to areas
developed during the diff erent phases.
101 Table 6.1. Residential complexes by 100-year intervals.
101 Table 6.2. Estimated population of Kīpapa-Naka‘ohu by 100-year
intervals.
102 Table 6.3. Estimated population densities for Kīpapa-Naka‘ohu by
100-year intervals.
118 Table 7.1. Wai‘anae District, O‘ahu: Population estimates for European
contact.
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120 Table 7.2. Populations of ‘Ewa Ahupua‘a in 1831 and 1835.
124 Table 7.3. Hāmākua Moku, Hawai‘i Island: Population fi gures by parish
or district.
125 Table 7.4. Hāmākua Moku, Hawai‘i Island: Estimates of average
ahupua‘a populations.
131 Table 8.1. Survey of the available and most relevant ethnohistoric
sources for Ma‘ohi population.
140 Table 8.2. Function of space in ‘Opunohu Valley excavated houses.
143 Table 8.3. Comparison of habitation-based estimates of valley population
at contact.
147 Table 8.4. Some subsistence cultivars in the Ma‘ohi production system.
149 Table 8.5. Staple starch productivity of arboriculture systems.
150 Table 8.6. Potential productivity of surveyed terraces.
151 Table 8.7. Available land for cultivation by soil/slope category.
152 Table 8.8. Reconstruction of subsistence cultivation system for
‘Opunohu Valley and Mo‘orea.
154 Table 8.9. Potential productivity of ‘Opunohu Valley and Mo‘orea.
169 Table 9.1. Stone structures identifi ed in the Hokatu Valley survey.
171 Table 9.2. Low estimation of population.
172 Table 9.3. High estimation of population.
172 Table 9.4. Low estimation of population according to the method of
M. Kellum-Ottino.
173 Table 9.5. High estimation of population according to the method of
M. Kellum-Ottino.
181 Table 10.1. Census data for diff erent island groups in Tonga based
on numbers given in Maude (1965), Wood (1943), Walsh (1970), and
Th ayman (1978).
185 Table 10.2. Acres of arable land per person for each of the main island
groups in Tonga.
186 Table 10.3. Projected Late Prehistoric population estimate based on 2
acres of arable land per person, with downward adjustments for Vava‘u.
190 Table 10.4. Lapita site size by island group in Tonga.
209 Table 11.1. Population of Samoa in 1839.
viii ✴ List of Tables
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209 Table 11.2. Population of Western Samoa in 1844 according to the LMS
missionary Mills.
211 Table 11.3. Census estimates and population decline in Samoa,
1840–1853.
212 Table 11.4. Estimates of Samoan population size by island, 1840–1853.
215 Table 11.5. Cultivated land requirements in American Samoa, 1840.
217 Table 11.6. Individual cultivated land requirements in prehistoric Samoa.
237 Table 12.1. Tokelau: Vital landscape characteristics.
242 Table 12.2. Atafu: “Generations” and sibships.
245 Table 12.3. Atafu: Dwellings and population per dwelling.
249 Table 12.4. Tokelau: Calculations of modern ethnographic dwelling size
and associated population numbers.
270 Table 13.1. Comparison of single population growth rates for selected
time intervals, single colonizing voyage.
270 Table 13.2. Comparison of multiple population growth rates for selected
time intervals, single colonizing voyage.
271 Table 13.3. Comparison of multiple population growth rates for selected
time intervals, three colonizing voyages (20 people at AD 1, 20 people at
AD 50, and 20 people at AD 100).
293 Table 14.1. Northern Aneityum: Land area and land use in 1830.
297 Table 14.2. Garden labor and productivity on Aneityum in 1830.
300 Table 14.3. Aneityumese age and sex structure models.
302 Table 14.4. Population of Aneityum in 1830.
303 Table 14.5. Population densities for Aneityum in 1830 using various
measures.
List of Tables ✴ ix
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