Table Of ContentThe Grammar of Interactives
The Grammar of
Interactives
BERND HEINE
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP,
UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Acknowledgments x
Listoffiguresandtables xi
Listofabbreviations xiv
1. Interactives 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition 7
1.3 Properties 11
1.3.1 Definitionalproperties 11
1.3.2 Furtherfeatures 31
1.3.3 Conclusion 42
1.4 Propertiessharedbythetwodomainsofgrammar 42
1.5 Aclassificationofinteractives 47
1.6 Thisvolume 52
2. Argumentstructure 55
2.1 Meaning 55
2.1.1 Paraphrase 56
2.1.2 Expressivemeaning 63
2.1.3 Interactivesasdepictions 68
2.1.4 Discussion 79
2.1.5 Conclusions 82
2.2 Identifyingarguments 83
2.2.1 Introduction 83
2.2.2 Thearguments 87
2.2.3 MoreonTarguments 94
2.2.4 Morethanoneargumentstructure 97
2.2.5 Adjuncts 100
2.2.6 Howtoidentifyarguments 102
2.3 Discussion 103
2.4 Contrastingwaysofdiscoursecoding 104
2.5 Conclusions 106
3. Typesofinteractives 108
3.1 Attentionsignals 110
3.1.1 Introduction 110
3.1.2 Workingdefinition 111
3.1.3 Grammar 111
vi CONTENTS
3.1.4 Discussion 115
3.1.5 Theattentionsignal*hey 116
3.2 Directives 119
3.2.1 Introduction 120
3.2.2 Workingdefinition 120
3.2.3 Grammar 122
3.2.4 Discussion 123
3.2.5 Canonicalimperatives 125
3.2.6 Specialdomainsofusage 126
3.3 Discoursemarkers 127
3.3.1 Introduction 127
3.3.2 Workingdefinition 128
3.3.3 Grammar 129
3.3.4 Fillers 133
3.3.5 AnoteonclicksasEnglishdiscoursemarkers 136
3.3.6 Discoursemarkersinlanguagecontact 137
3.3.7 Grammaticalization 139
3.3.8 Discussion 140
3.4 Evaluatives 141
3.4.1 Introduction 141
3.4.2 Workingdefinition 142
3.4.3 Grammar 143
3.4.4 Discussion 144
3.5 Ideophones 145
3.5.1 Introduction 146
3.5.2 Workingdefinition 147
3.5.3 Grammar 149
3.5.4 Ideophonesvs.interjections 164
3.5.5 Grammaticalization 165
3.5.6 Anoteonsoundsymbolism 166
3.5.7 Areideophonesinteractives? 168
3.5.8 Ideophonesasapotentiallyopen-endedclass 178
3.6 Interjections 181
3.6.1 Introduction 182
3.6.2 Workingdefinition 183
3.6.3 Grammar 188
3.6.4 Sub-types 191
3.6.5 Discussion 199
3.7 Responseelicitors 199
3.7.1 Introduction 199
3.7.2 Workingdefinition 200
3.7.3 Grammar 201
3.7.4 Functionalspace 203
3.7.5 Other-initiatedrepairmarkers 206
3.8 Responsesignals 209
CONTENTS vii
3.8.1 Introduction 210
3.8.2 Workingdefinition 211
3.8.3 Grammar 213
3.8.4 Responsesignalsexpressedbyclicks 218
3.8.5 Discussion 219
3.9 Socialformulae 220
3.9.1 Introduction 221
3.9.2 Workingdefinition 222
3.9.3 Grammar 223
3.9.4 Grammaticalization 226
3.9.5 TheEnglishformulaplease 227
3.9.6 Howtousesocialformulae 230
3.10 Vocatives 231
3.10.1 Introduction 233
3.10.2 Workingdefinition 233
3.10.3 Grammar 235
3.10.4 Sub-types 238
3.10.5 Typologicalvariation 240
3.10.6 Specialfeaturesofvocatives 241
3.11 Interactionwithanimals 248
3.11.1 Introduction 248
3.11.2 Workingdefinition 249
3.11.3 Grammar 250
3.11.4 Usageandfunctions 251
3.11.5 Form 254
3.11.6 Voicelesssibilantsinanimaldispersalcalls 258
3.11.7 Discussion 259
3.11.8 Conclusions 261
3.12 Anoverview 262
3.13 Conclusions 265
4. Development 266
4.1 Cooptation:Howinteractivesarise 267
4.1.1 Themechanism 268
4.1.2 Cooptationandideophones 271
4.1.3 Frompropositionaltoexpressivemeaning 275
4.1.4 Anoteonpragmaticalization 276
4.2 Grammaticalization 277
4.2.1 Parametersofgrammaticalization 278
4.2.2 Mainpathways 280
4.2.3 Anetworkofgrammaticalization 293
4.2.4 Constructionalization 295
4.2.5 Frominteractivegrammartosentencegrammar 297
4.3 Othermechanisms 300
4.3.1 Expressivereinforcement 300
4.3.2 Camouflaging 303
viii CONTENTS
4.4 Grammaticalizationofideophones 307
4.4.1 Acasestudy 309
4.4.2 Acommonpathway:fromideophonetolexical
category 313
4.5 Conclusions 319
5. Relatedapproaches 322
5.1 Notionsofinteractivegrammar 322
5.1.1 Grammartraditions 322
5.1.2 Inserts 330
5.1.3 Expressives 333
5.1.4 Discussion 336
5.2 Dual-processframeworks 336
5.2.1 Anoverview 337
5.2.2 Microgrammarvs.macrogrammar 344
5.2.3 Sentencegrammarvs.theticalgrammar 345
5.2.4 Propositionalstructurevs.interactionalstructure 348
5.3 Neurolinguisticcorrelates 352
5.4 Dualisminsocialpsychology 356
5.5 Discussion 360
5.6 Conclusions 363
6. Thestatusofinteractives 364
6.1 Whereareinteractiveslocatedingrammaranddiscourse? 364
6.1.1 Theyarepartoflanguagestructure 365
6.1.2 Theyarelocatedattheperipheryoflanguage
structure 365
6.1.3 Theyareintermediatebetweenlanguageand
somethingelse 366
6.1.4 Theyarenotpartoflanguage 367
6.1.5 Theyformadomainofgrammarseparatefrom
sentencegrammar 368
6.1.6 Conclusion 369
6.2 Areinteractiveswords? 369
6.2.1 Onterminology 370
6.2.2 Whatisaword? 373
6.2.3 Discussion 375
6.3 Dointeractivesformasystem? 376
6.3.1 Isthereasetofentitiesmakingupthesystem? 377
6.3.2 Dotheentitiesinteractwithoneanother? 377
6.3.3 Ifthereisasystem,whichpurposedoesitserve? 379
6.3.4 Howisthesystemsetofffromothersystemsor
phenomena? 379
6.4 Areinteractiveslinguisticmarginalia? 380
6.5 Interactivesinlanguagecontact 383
CONTENTS ix
6.6 Interactivesandlanguageacquisition 384
6.7 Areinteractivesfossilsoflanguageevolution? 385
6.8 Conclusions 390
7. Decidingbetweentwogrammars 391
7.1 Distinguishingfeatures 392
7.1.1 Conceptualspace 392
7.1.2 Meaning 393
7.1.3 Mentalrepresentation 393
7.1.4 Form 394
7.1.5 Speedofprocessing 394
7.1.6 Sequenceofactivation 395
7.1.7 Thelocusofsemantic-pragmaticanchoring 396
7.1.8 Theroleofcontext 396
7.1.9 Constraintsonusage 396
7.1.10 Useofgesture 397
7.2 Typesofdiscourse 397
7.2.1 Usageofinteractivegrammarispredominant 398
7.2.2 Bothgrammarsareequallyimportant 400
7.2.3 Useofsentencegrammarispredominant 402
7.3 Howdothetwogrammarscontributetodiscourse
processing? 403
7.3.1 Generalobservations 403
7.3.2 Interactivesinadjacencypairs 405
7.4 Conclusion 410
8. Conclusions 411
References 419
IndexofLanguages 444
IndexofNames 447
IndexofSubjects 453
