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Michael Yudell and Robert DeSalle, Editors
JOSEPH HENRY PRESS
WASHINGTON, DC
with the
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
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http://books.nap.edu/catalog/.html Joseph Henry Press • 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20418
The Joseph Henry Press, an imprint of the National Academy Press, was created
with the goal of making books on science, technology, and health more widely
available to professionals and the public. Joseph Henry was one of the founders
of the National Academy of Sciences and a leader in early American science.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this
volume are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
National Academy of Sciences or its affiliated institutions.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The genomic revolution : unveiling the unity of life / Michael Yudell
and Robert DeSalle, editors.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-07436-3 (alk. paper)
1. Genetics—Popular works. 2. Human genome—Popular works.
[DNLM: 1. Human Genome Project. 2. Genome, Human. 3. Genetics,
Biochemical—methods. QH 447 G33608 2002] I. Yudell, Michael. II.
DeSalle, Rob.
QH437 .G46 2002
611'.01816—dc21
2002004016
Copyright 2002 by the American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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Contents
Foreword ix
Ellen V. Futter
Preface xiii
Making the Genome Public 1
Michael Yudell and Rob DeSalle
Part I
Genome Science and the New Frontier
Introduction 15
Nicholas Wade
v
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vi CONTENTS
What Does Knowing About Genomes Mean for Science
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and Society? 20
Harold Varmus
Sequencing the Human Genome: Elucidating Our Genetic
Blueprint 35
Eric Green
Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing 48
J. Craig Venter
After the Genome: Where Should We Go? 64
Leroy Hood
Part II
Applications of Genomics to Medicine and Agriculture
Introduction 77
Robert Bazell
Genomics: Rapid Road from Gene to Patient 79
William Haseltine
The Origins of Cancer and the Human Genome 87
Arnold J. Levine
Gene Diversity in the Endorphin System: SNPs, Chips, and
Possible Implications 97
Mary Jeanne Kreek
Genomics and Biotechnology in Agriculture 109
Barbara A. Schaal
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Contents vii
Part III
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Exploring Human Variation: Understanding Identity in the Genomic Era
Introduction 127
Rob DeSalle
Using Maternal and Paternal Genes to Unlock Human
History 131
Douglas C. Wallace
Eugenics, the Genome, and Human Rights 147
Daniel J. Kevles
Redesigning the Self: The Promise and Perils of Genetic
Enhancement 155
David J. Rothman and Sheila M. Rothman
Part IV
Financial, Legal, and Ethical Issues and the New Genomics
Introduction 167
Michael Waldholz
Investing in the Biotechnology Sector 169
Kris H. Jenner
The Role of Patents in Exploiting the Genome 175
Rebecca Eisenberg
Social Side Effects of the New Human Molecular Genetic
Diagnostics 184
Troy Duster
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viii CONTENTS
http://books.nap.edu/catalog/.html Mapping Morality: The Rights and Wrongs of Genomics 193
Arthur L. Caplan
Summing Up: Finding Our Way Through the Revolution 199
Kathi E. Hanna
Appendixes
A Contributor Biographical Sketches 211
B Conference Schedule 229
Index 235
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Foreword
In September 2000 the American Museum of Natu-
ral History was proud to host a landmark confer-
ence, “Sequencing the Human Genome: New Fron-
tiers in Science and Technology.” For two days we
gathered an unparalleled group of experts, includ-
ing Nobel laureates, distinguished moderators, and leaders in the
scientific and business worlds, to focus on one of the most revolu-
tionary and complex scientific developments in history—the
completion of the first draft sequence of the human genome.
This milestone brings with it enormously compelling opportu-
nities to better understand human health, our origins, and our rela-
tionship to other living things. At the same time, it raises profound
ethical questions about issues already known and some not yet even
imagined that will affect each and every one of us in such areas as
ix
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x FOREWORD
http://books.nap.edu/catalog/.html the cloning of human beings and other species, the development of
new medical treatments, privacy, and the criminal justice system.
As we begin to explore the Age of the Genome, there is a press-
ing need for public discourse on this vitally important topic. It sim-
ply cannot be for experts only. The American Museum of Natural
History is uniquely positioned to begin extending these dialogues
outside of the laboratories and scientific community, bringing them
directly into the classrooms and living rooms of our country and the
world. By doing so, we aim to share not only scientific understand-
ing with the public but, equally vital, awareness of social implica-
tions and enhancement of the public’s capacity to make both ethical
and policy judgments.
Throughout its more than 130-year history, the Museum has oc-
cupied a critical place at the nexus of scientific research and public
education, making scientific discoveries and interpreting them to
the public. Never has this role been more important than on this
topic, genomics, at this time, the dawn of a new century—the cen-
tury of biology.
The American Museum of Natural History has long been a leader
in developing new scientific fields and intellectual pursuits. Mod-
ern anthropology was born here under the leadership of Frans Boas
and Margaret Mead. Paleontology found a new, more vigorous voice
here, and, most recently, the Museum unveiled a new scientific and
educational initiative of cosmic scale with the opening of the Rose
Center for Earth and Space in February 2000.
We move now from the vastness of the outer reaches of the uni-
verse to the microcosmic inner workings of earth’s organisms, living
and fossilized. Today the Museum stands poised to take a leadership
role in the crucial area of nonhuman genomics—crucial because the
human genome itself cannot be fully understood in isolation.
The Museum’s leadership role is especially important because
our own genetic stuff simply does not tell the entire story of life on
earth. The human genome alone does not reveal the relationships
among species, human and nonhuman, the diversity of species, or
the evolution and organization of life. The fossil record and growing
frozen tissue collections housed at the Museum, including genetic
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